Perceptual aspects of leopard recognition by wild bonnet macaques (Macaca radiata)
Perceptual aspects of leopard recognition by wild bonnet macaques (Macaca radiata)
复制标题
DOI：
10.1163/156853900502105
复制
发表时间：
2000-03-01
期刊：
影响因子：
1.3
通讯作者：
Ramakrishnan, U
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Coss, RG;Ramakrishnan, U
这项研究调查了印度南部三个地点的豹子（Panthera pardus）的感知特征，这些特征被帽猕猴（Macaca radiata）用作识别线索。其中两个地点是受保护的落叶林区：穆杜马莱野生动物保护区和卡拉卡德-蒙丹图莱老虎保护区。第三个研究地点是班加罗尔市，是掠食者稀有的城市环境。四个模型以 10 秒的间隔展示：（1）直立的斑点豹，呈跟踪轮廓，头部面向受试者； (2)同一斑点模型倒置呈现； （3）与斑点模型配置相同的深棕色豹子模型；最后（4），深棕色模型颠倒呈现。直立模型描绘了在野外发现的两种豹子变种——斑点豹和黑黑色豹。斑点模型的倒置展示检查了相同配置在不协调位置的效果，以记录豹子斑点是否仍然被识别。使用警报呼叫和飞行诱导作为恐惧指标来检查模型之间的差异。人们发现，有斑点的直立模型是最令人恐惧的，其次是有斑点的倒置模型、深色的直立模型，最后是深色的倒置模型。对个人观察部队成员评估风险的分析表明，有斑点的直立模型和深色倒置模型导致信息搜索的频率显着降低；直立模型通常会导致立即飞行，而黑暗的倒置模型通常会被忽略。斑点倒置模型和深色直立模型引起了很高的信息搜索率。这些结果似乎反映了斑点和猫科动物配置在豹子识别中的重要性。对深色直立模型的较低反应可能反映出缺乏对这种罕见黑色素形式的经验。
This study examined the perceptual features of leopards (Panthera pardus) used as recognition cues by bonnet macaques (Macaca radiata) at three sites in southern India. Two of these sites were protected deciduous forest areas, the Mudumalai Wildlife Sanctuary and the Kalakad-Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve. The third study site was a predator-rare urban setting, Bangalore city. Four models were presented for 10-s intervals: (1) upright spotted leopard in a stalking profile with its head facing the subjects; (2) the same spotted model presented upside down; (3) a dark-brown leopard model with the same configuration as the spotted model; and finally (4), the dark-brown model presented upside down. The upright models characterized the two leopard morphs found in the wild - spotted and dark melanic. Inverted presentations of the spotted model examined the effects of the same configuration in an incongruous position to document whether leopard spots were still recognized. Differences between models were examined using alarm calls and flight elicitation as indices of fear. The spotted upright model was found to be the most feared, followed by the spotted upside-down model, the dark upright model, and finally the dark upside-down model. Analysis of when individuals looked at troop members to assess risks revealed that the spotted upright and dark upside-down models engendered significantly lower frequencies of information seeking; the upright model typically engendered immediate flight and the dark upside-down model was generally ignored. The spotted upside-down model and the dark upright model engendered high rates of information seeking. These results appeared to reflect the importance of both spots and felid configuration in leopard recognition. Lower responsiveness to the dark upright model might reflect lack of experience with this rare melanic form.