Nitrate toxicity to aquatic animals: a review with new data for freshwater invertebrates
Nitrate toxicity to aquatic animals: a review with new data for freshwater invertebrates
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DOI：
10.1016/j.chemosphere.2004.10.044
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发表时间：
2005-03-01
期刊：
影响因子：
8.8
通讯作者：
Salamanca, A
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Camargo, JA;Alonso, A;Salamanca, A
发表的数据硝酸盐（NO3-）的毒性淡水和海洋动物进行了审查。还介绍了硝酸盐对淡水无脊椎动物Eulimnogammarus toletanus、Echinogammarus echinosetosus和Hydropsyche exocellata的毒性的新数据。硝酸盐的主要毒性作用是由于携带氧的色素转化为不能携带氧的形式。硝酸盐对水生动物的毒性随着硝酸盐浓度和暴露时间的增加而增加。相反，硝酸盐的毒性可能会随着身体的大小，水的盐度和环境适应性的增加而降低。淡水动物似乎比海洋动物对硝酸盐更敏感。硝酸盐浓度为10 mg NO3-N/l（美国联邦饮用水最高水平），至少在长期暴露期间，会对淡水无脊椎动物（E. toletanus、E echinosetosus、Chepalopsyche pettiti、Hydropsyche octamentalis）、鱼类（Oncorhynchus mykiss、Oncorhynchus tshawytscha、萨尔莫clarki）和两栖动物（Pseudacris triseriata、Rana pipiens、Rana temporaria、Bufo bufo）。建议低于此硝酸盐浓度的安全水平，以保护敏感的淡水动物免受硝酸盐污染。此外，2 mg NO3-N/l的最高水平对于保护最敏感的淡水物种是适当的。就海洋动物而言，一般可接受的最高NO3-N水平为20 mg/l。然而，一些海洋无脊椎动物的早期发育阶段，这是很好地适应低硝酸盐浓度，可能是如此敏感的硝酸盐作为敏感的淡水无脊椎动物。(C)2004爱思唯尔有限公司保留所有权利。
Published data on nitrate (NO3-) toxicity to freshwater and marine animals are reviewed. New data on nitrate toxicity to the freshwater invertebrates Eulimnogammarus toletanus, Echinogammarus echinosetosus and Hydropsyche exocellata are also presented. The main toxic action of nitrate is due to the conversion of oxygen-carrying pigments to forms that are incapable of carrying oxygen. Nitrate toxicity to aquatic animals increases with increasing nitrate concentrations and exposure times. In contrast, nitrate toxicity may decrease with increasing body size, water salinity, and environmental adaptation. Freshwater animals appear to be more sensitive to nitrate than marine animals. A nitrate concentration of 10 mg NO3-N/l (USA federal maximum level for drinking water) can adversely affect, at least during long-term exposures, freshwater invertebrates (E. toletanus, E echinosetosus, Cheumatopsyche pettiti, Hydropsyche occidentalis), fishes (Oncorhynchus mykiss, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, Salmo clarki), and amphibians (Pseudacris triseriata, Rana pipiens, Rana temporaria, Bufo bufo). Safe levels below this nitrate concentration are recommended to protect sensitive freshwater animals from nitrate pollution. Furthermore, a maximum level of 2 mg NO3-N/l would be appropriate for protecting the most sensitive freshwater species. In the case of marine animals, a maximum level of 20 mg NO3-N/l may in general be acceptable. However, early developmental stages of some marine invertebrates, that are well adapted to low nitrate concentrations, may be so susceptible to nitrate as sensitive freshwater invertebrates. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.