Forced Displacement A Gendered Analysis of the Tehri Dam Project
Forced Displacement A Gendered Analysis of the Tehri Dam Project
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强迫位移 Tehri 大坝项目的性别分析
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发表时间：
2012
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通讯作者：
Vandana Asthana
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作者：
Vandana Asthana
发展引起的流离失所给受影响社区带来了深刻的经济和社会文化破坏。在贫困和边缘化的条件下，那些被迫迁移并从根本上改变其传统生计的人丧失了权利和应享待遇。他们失去了社交网络、文化特性、幸福感和现有的生产模式。这些贫困过程对发展模式提出了质疑，这种模式使流离失所永久化，给世界各地的流离失所社区带来人类痛苦。将性别作为分析发展引起的流离失所影响的一个类别的前提是基于这样一个假设，即妇女以特别性别化的方式经历流离失所和搬迁。这是由于社会历史进程中产生的性别分工造成的，传统上，男子参与赚取工资和从事以劳动为导向的任务，而妇女仍然从事土地工作及其日常管理。在该州建设大型发展项目的政权麻木不仁，造成了妇女成为最大受害者的条件。这些项目以正式的中央管理系统为特点，取代了构成妇女日常生活一部分的非正式、分散和参与性结构。这种状况将大量妇女推向边缘环境，在那里，供水水平极低、燃料短缺和过度使用可耕地剥夺了她们的生计、文化特性和幸福感。重新安置和恢复政策暴露了政府对妇女的需求漠不关心所固有的男性偏见。本文探讨了流离失所妇女的生活经历和目前流离失所的做法。论文中提出的论点是基于研究的实证结果，该研究着眼于在Bhagirathi建造Tehri大坝而流离失所的妇女。
Development induced displacement has brought about a profound economic and socio-cultural disruption to the affected communities. Under conditions of deprivation and marginalization, the rights and entitlements of those forced to move and fundamentally change their traditional means of livelihood have been lost. They lose their social networks, cultural identity, sense of well being and existing modes of production. These processes of impoverishment question the developmental model that perpetuates displacement causing human misery to the displaced communities world over. The premise of using gender as a category for analysis in the effects of developmentinduced displacement is based on the assumption that women experience displacement and relocation in a particularly gendered way. This occurs due to the gendered division of labor that has arisen from socio-historical processes of men‘s traditional incorporation in wage earning and performing labor oriented tasks while women remain on the land jobs and its management on a daily basis. The insensitivity of the regimes constructing large developmental projects in the state has created conditions where women have been the greatest sufferers. These projects characterized by formal centrally managed systems, displace informal, decentralized and participatory structures that form part of daily lives of women. Such conditions push huge numbers of women into marginal environments where critically low level of water supplies, shortage of fuels, and over-utilization of arable lands have deprived them of their livelihoods, cultural identity and sense of well being. Resettlement and rehabilitation (R&R) policies expose the male biases inherent in the insensitivity of the governments towards needs of women. This paper examines the lived experiences of displaced women and the current practices in displacement. The arguments presented in the paper are based on the empirical findings of research that looks at women displaced by the construction of Tehri dam in the Bhagirathi