THE WISTAR RAT AS A RIGHT CHOICE - ESTABLISHING MAMMALIAN STANDARDS AND THE IDEAL OF A STANDARDIZED MAMMAL
THE WISTAR RAT AS A RIGHT CHOICE - ESTABLISHING MAMMALIAN STANDARDS AND THE IDEAL OF A STANDARDIZED MAMMAL
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DOI：
10.1007/bf01061973
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发表时间：
1993-06-01
影响因子：
0.8
通讯作者：
CLAUSE, BT
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
CLAUSE, BT
结论总之，Wistar大鼠作为标准化动物的创建和维持可归因于Helen Dean King的育种工作，加上米尔顿格林曼和路易丝杜林的管理和饲养方法，以及亨利唐纳森提供的支持文件。然而，Wistar大鼠的广泛使用是米尔顿·格林曼的独创性的一个功能，他看到了一个小机构为科学提供服务的方法。从1905年到1937年去世，格林曼每年撰写的《主任报告》都记录了他的言辞，这表明他对所处的时代以及科学和社会的经济学异常敏感。在生物学被定义的时代，他认识到老鼠有潜力成为纯化学品的活体模拟物，这种纯化学品使实验科学合法化。他从管理学文献中提炼出产品一致性、质量标准和生产效率的理想，并将其应用于科学实践，创造出一种动物模型，这种动物模型作为标准设备在当今世界的实验室中蓬勃发展。泰勒的这句话有力地说明了标准化工具及其创造者对科学和科学进步的贡献。泰勒把外科医生和工人等同起来，他写道：[他得到了]最好的工具，每一件工具都是专门研究和开发的对象。[and]他的前辈们的最佳知识;而且，如果有代表当今世界最先进知识的标准工具和方法，他就能运用自己的独创性和聪明才智，对世界的知识作出真实的贡献，而不是重新发明旧的东西。标准化的工具，无论是外科手术工具还是实验室饲养的老鼠，是将科学知识代代相传的载体之一。从这个意义上说，格林曼的Wistar大鼠已经完成了他们的工作，用他的话说，“为科学提供服务”。
ConclusionIn summary, the creation and maintenance of the Wistar Rats as standardized animals can be attributed to the breeding work of Helen Dean King, coupled with the management and husbandry methods of Milton Greenman and Louise Duhring, and with supporting documentation provided by Henry Donaldson. The widespread use of the Wistar Rats, however, is a function of the ingenuity of Milton Greenman who saw in them a way for a small institution to provide service to science. Greenman's rhetoric, as captured in his Director's Reports, prepared annually from 1905 until his death in 1937, shows that he was unusually sensitive to his times and to the economics of science and of society. In the era when biology was being defined, he recognized in the rat the potential to be a living analog to the pure chemicals that legitimated experimental science. From management literature he extracted the ideals of uniformity of product, standards of quality, and efficiency of production, applying them to scientific practice to generate an animal model that thrives as standard equipment in laboratories throughout the world today.I will close with a quote from Frederick W. Taylor that is a cogent statement of the contribution to science and scientific progress made by standardized tools and their creators. Equating the surgeon and the workman, Taylor wrote: [He is given] the finest implements, each one of which has been the subject of special study and development ... [and] the very best knowledge of his predecessors; and, provided with standard implements and methods which represent the best knowledge of the world up to date, he is able to use his own originality and ingenuity to make real additions to the world's knowledge, instead of reinventing things which are old.Standardized tools, whether surgeons' implements or laboratory-bred rats, are one of the vehicles for carrying scientific knowledge forward from generation to generation. In this sense, Greenman's Wistar Rats have done their job, in his words, of “providing service to science.”