Reinforcing aspects of androgens.
Reinforcing aspects of androgens.
复制标题
加强雄激素的方面。
DOI：
10.1016/j.physbeh.2004.08.012
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发表时间：
2004
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Wood,RuthI
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Wood,RuthI
雄激素在增强吗？雄激素合成代谢类固醇（AAS）是滥用药物。运动员和其他人大量服用它们以提高成绩，但通常会对健康产生长期负面影响。因此，在1991年，睾酮被宣布为受控物质。最近，布劳尔[K.J.布劳尔，合成代谢类固醇滥用和依赖。Curr.精神病学报告4（2002）377 - 387。提出了AAS依赖性的两阶段模型。用户开始使用类固醇对肌肉生长的合成代谢作用。随着持续暴露，对AAS的精神活性作用的依赖性发展。然而，在人类中很难将AAS的直接精神活性作用与用户对AAS的合成代谢作用的心理依赖分开。因此，在实验室动物中的研究对于探索雄激素强化是有用的。替西泮在大鼠和小鼠中诱导条件性位置偏爱，并通过口服、静脉内和脑室内自我给药在仓鼠中自愿消耗。活跃、性腺完整的雄性和雌性仓鼠将向侧脑室输送1 μ g/μ l睾酮。事实上，有些人自我管理睾酮脑室内死亡的点。雄性大鼠对注射到丘脑核的睾酮产生条件性位置偏爱，这种作用可被多巴胺受体拮抗剂阻断。这些数据表明，雄激素强化是由大脑介导的。此外，睾酮似乎通过中脑边缘多巴胺系统发挥作用，这是滥用药物的常见底物。尽管如此，雄激素强化与可卡因或海洛因的作用不可比拟。相反，睾酮类似于其他温和的兴奋剂，如咖啡因，尼古丁或苯二氮卓类。雄激素成瘾的可能性仍有待确定。
Are androgens reinforcing? Androgenic–anabolic steroids (AAS) are drugs of abuse. They are taken in large quantities by athletes and others to increase performance, often with negative long-term health consequences. As a result, in 1991, testosterone was declared a controlled substance. Recently, Brower [K.J. Brower, Anabolic steroid abuse and dependence. Curr. Psychiatry Rep. 4 (2002) 377–387.] proposed a two-stage model of AAS dependence. Users initiate steroid use for their anabolic effects on muscle growth. With continued exposure, dependence on the psychoactive effects of AAS develops. However, it is difficult in humans to separate direct psychoactive effects of AAS from the user's psychological dependence on the anabolic effects of AAS. Thus, studies in laboratory animals are useful to explore androgen reinforcement. Testosterone induces a conditioned place preference in rats and mice, and is voluntarily consumed through oral, intravenous, and intracerebroventricular self-administration in hamsters. Active, gonad-intact male and female hamsters will deliver 1 μg/μl testosterone into the lateral ventricles. Indeed, some individuals self-administer testosterone intracerebroventricularly to the point of death. Male rats develop a conditioned place preference to testosterone injections into the nucleus accumbens, an effect blocked by dopamine receptor antagonists. These data suggest that androgen reinforcement is mediated by the brain. Moreover, testosterone appears to act through the mesolimbic dopamine system, a common substrate for drugs of abuse. Nonetheless, androgen reinforcement is not comparable to that of cocaine or heroin. Instead, testosterone resembles other mild reinforcers, such as caffeine, nicotine, or benzodiazepines. The potential for androgen addiction remains to be determined.