Early returning long-distance migrant males do pay a survival cost
Early returning long-distance migrant males do pay a survival cost
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DOI：
10.1002/ece3.4569
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发表时间：
2018-12-01
影响因子：
2.6
通讯作者：
Thorup, Kasper
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Lerche-Jorgensen, Mathilde;Korner-Nievergelt, Franzi;Thorup, Kasper
返回繁殖区的时间大概优化了移民的繁殖产量。时间如何影响健康的其他组成部分-生存，一直比较少的研究。在春季过早返回，预计与食虫移民的高死亡率有关，当时的天气条件仍然不适合。然而，男性特别早到达，以获得最好的领土，这被认为是导致到达之前，它是最适合他们的生存。对于秋季的向外迁移，时间可能与繁殖和健康的直接联系较少，并且它如何影响生存还没有很好地了解。我们使用的数据，8鸣禽品种环在丹麦调查如何在春季和秋季离开迁徙返回迁徙的时间接近繁殖区影响生存的短距离和长距离的移民。此外，我们比较生存的最佳时机，男性和女性在中途停留的网站在丹麦在三个性二态，protandric物种。我们发现了一个明确的回归迁移和生存之间的关系，不同的短距离和长距离的移民：短距离的移民和钟形的关系，最早和最晚的个人，长距离移民的生存日期减少。在原群物种中，大多数雄性在最佳生存期之前返回，而雌性平均返回接近最佳生存期。生存模式与秋季时间的关系尚不清楚，尽管长途迁徙者也有类似的钟形关系。我们的研究结果支持过早返回繁殖地的预测死亡率的后果，也选择在男性早期返回导致次优迁移时间有关的生存。
Timing of return to the breeding area presumably optimizes breeding output in migrants. How timing affects the other components of fitness - survival, has been comparatively little studied. Returning too early in spring is expected to be associated with high mortality in insectivorous migrants when weather conditions are still unsuitable. Yet, males in particular arrive early to get access to the best territories which have been suggested to cause arrival before it is optimal for their survival. For the outward migration in autumn, timing is presumably less directly associated with reproduction and fitness and how it might affect survival is not well understood. We use data of eight songbird species ringed across Denmark to investigate how timing of return migration in spring and departure migration in autumn close to the breeding areas affects survival for short- and long-distance migrants. Further, we compare survival optimum to the timing of males and females at a stopover site in Denmark in three sexually dimorphic, protandric species. We find a clear relationship between return migration and survival which differs between short- and long-distance migrants: Survival decreases with date for short-distance migrants and a bell-shaped relationship, with low survival for earliest and latest individuals, for long-distance migrants. In protandric species, the majority of males return before survival is optimal, whereas females on average return close to the survival optimum. The pattern of survival in relation to autumn timing is less clear, although a similar bell-shaped relationship is suggested for long-distance migrants. Our findings support the predicted mortality consequences of too early return to the breeding grounds and also that selection for early return in males leads to suboptimal migration timing regarding survival.