Auctions in Theory and Practice
Auctions in Theory and Practice
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DOI：
10.1007/0-306-47568-5_10
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发表时间：
2002
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影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
William Samuelson
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文献类型：
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作者：
William Samuelson
拍卖和竞争性投标制度无论从经验上还是从理论上都很重要。拍卖是最古老的经济交换形式之一。今天，拍卖在越来越多的交易中被使用从通过互联网的在线销售到无线电频谱的销售。在我们熟悉的英国拍卖中，出价会一直上升，直到最后一个也是最高的出价赢得物品。英国拍卖在各种各样的场合都享有安全的地位：艺术品和古董、稀有宝石、烟草和鱼类、真实的房地产和汽车的销售，以及各种清算销售。另一种制度是密封投标拍卖，其中出价最高的投标人在指定的密封投标中赢得物品。公共和私人公司的销售都是通过密封投标完成的，真实的房地产、畅销书平装书版权、电影院预订、美国国债和近海石油租赁的销售也是如此。第三种方法是“荷兰式”拍卖，用于各种货物的销售，但在荷兰尤其用于鲜花的销售。拍卖师的初始价格定得足够高，然后每隔一段时间就降低价格。第一个发出出价信号的买家以当前价格获得物品。竞争性投标也是进行多来源采购的常用手段。在这种情况下，一个买方向多个相互竞争的供应商招标，目的是获得最有吸引力的条件，不仅在价格方面，而且在产品质量、管理能力、服务业绩等方面。复杂采购最常见的制度是在买方做出最终选择之前提交多轮密封投标。
Auctions and competitive bidding institutions are important both for empirical and theoretical reasons. Auctions are among the oldest forms of economic exchange. Today, auctions are used in an increasing range of transactions–from online sales via the internet to the sale of the radio spectrum. In the familiar English auction, bid prices rise until the last and highest bid wins the item. The English auction enjoys a secure place in a wide variety of settings: the sale of art and antiques, rare gems, tobacco and fish, real estate and automobiles, and liquidation sales of all kinds. An alternative institution is the sealed-bid auction where the highest bidder wins the item at the named sealed bid. The sales of public and private companies has been accomplished by sealed bids as have the sales of real estate, best-seller paperback rights, theater bookings of films, US Treasury securities, and offshore oil leases. A third method is the “Dutch” auction, used in the sale of a variety of goods but especially in the sale of flowers in Holland. The auctioneer’s initial price is set sufficiently high, and then the price is lowered at intervals. The first buyer who signals a bid obtains the item at the current price. Competitive bidding is also a common means for conducting multiple-source procurements. Here, a single buyer solicits bids from a number of competing suppliers with the objective of obtaining the most attractive terms measured not only in terms of price, but also by product quality, management capability, service performance, and the like. The most common institution for complex procurements is the submission of multiple rounds of sealed bids before the buyer makes a final selection.