Cranial morphometric analysis of early wet-rice farmers in the Yangtze River Delta of China
Cranial morphometric analysis of early wet-rice farmers in the Yangtze River Delta of China
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DOI：
10.1537/ase.210325
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发表时间：
2021-06
影响因子：
0.7
通讯作者：
Kenji Okazaki;H. Takamuku;Yoshinori Kawakubo;M. Hudson;Jie Chen
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Kenji Okazaki;H. Takamuku;Yoshinori Kawakubo;M. Hudson;Jie Chen
长江三角洲是最著名的水稻种植地。从新石器时代中期开始，稻作农业从长江流域向南北扩展。然而，该地区古代人类骨骼遗骸的保存状况不佳，这意味着这些扩张的人口历史尚未完全了解。为了明确东亚早期稻作农民的祖先，我们对上海广富林新石器时代中期遗址出土的一个骨骼组合进行了颅骨形态测量分析和比较。双变量和多变量分析结果表明：（1）长江下游新石器时代稻作农民保留了当地的形态特征，但与中国北方新石器时代及其以后的人口形态特征更为相似，而与中国南方新石器时代的人口形态特征更为相似。（2）东亚新石器时代及以后的农业人口与新石器时代以前的狩猎采集群体相比，尽管两者所占的面积同样广阔，但在形态上是同质的。这些结果分别表明：（1）新石器时代中期长江三角洲的稻作农民经历了来自中国北方地区如中原和山东的显著的基因流动，尽管目前没有证据表明粟种植本身还没有到达三角洲地区;以及（2）长江三角洲和中国北方之间的相互作用产生的新石器时代人口广泛分布在东亚大部分地区，包括日本列岛随着水稻农业技术的推广。这两个建议是由最近的稳定同位素分析使用牙釉质和骨胶原蛋白，以及考古证据在山东。最后，为了直观地表达本研究的结果，使用广富林出土的颅骨（M252）进行了面部近似。
The Yangtze River Delta is the best-known homeland of wet-rice agriculture. From the Middle Neolithic, rice farming expanded from the Yangtze region to both the north and the south. However, poor preservation of ancient human skeletal remains in the region has meant that the population history of these expansions has not been fully understood. In order to clarify the ancestry of early wet-rice farmers in East Asia, we conducted a cranial morphometric analysis and comparison of a Middle Neolithic skeletal assemblage excavated from the Guangfulin site, Shanghai. The results of bivariate and multivariate analyses showed that: (1) Neolithic wet-rice farmers from the lower Yangtze retained local morphological characteristics, but were nevertheless morphologically more similar to Neolithic and later populations in northern China, which was home to early millet farmers, than to Neolithic populations in south China; and (2) Neolithic and later agricultural populations in East Asia were morphologically homogeneous compared to pre-Neolithic hunter-gatherer groups even though the area occupied by both was equally vast. These results suggest, respectively, that: (1) Middle Neolithic wet-rice farmers in the Yangtze Delta experienced significant gene flow from regions of northern China such as the Central Plains and Shandong even though there is currently no evidence that millet cultivation itself had yet reached the delta region; and (2) Neolithic populations resulting from interaction between the Yangtze Delta and northern China dispersed widely across much of East Asia including the Japanese archipelago together with the spread of wet-rice agricultural technologies. These two proposals are paralleled by recent stable isotope analyses using tooth enamel and bone collagen, as well as archaeological evidence from Shandong. Finally, a facial approximation was conducted using a cranium (M252) excavated from Guangfulin for the purpose of visually expressing the results of this study.