Acute threat to the social self: Shame, social self-esteem, and cortisol activity
Acute threat to the social self: Shame, social self-esteem, and cortisol activity
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DOI：
10.1097/01.psy.0000143639.61693.ef
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发表时间：
2004-11-01
影响因子：
3.3
通讯作者：
Fahey, JL
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Gruenewald, TL;Kemeny, ME;Fahey, JL
目的：我们的社会自我保护理论认为，威胁到“社会自我”（即一个人的社会价值或地位）的情况会引起社会价值低的感觉增加（例如，羞耻），社会自尊下降，皮质醇增加，皮质醇是下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺轴释放的激素。为了验证我们的理论前提，在参与者中比较了在存在或不存在社会自我威胁的情况下执行这些任务的认知，情感和生理反应。研究方法：81名参与者被随机分配到完成言语和心算压力任务，社会评价存在（n = 41）或不存在（n = 40），前和后应激情绪，自尊，心率，血压和唾液皮质醇进行了比较。结果如下：正如假设的那样，在社会评价条件下的参与者表现出更大的增加，在社会自尊更大的下降。其他心理状态（例如焦虑、表现自尊）并未显示出随社会背景而变化的差异。唾液皮质醇增加社会评价条件的参与者，但没有增加参与者谁执行相同的任务，在没有社会评价。在社会自我威胁下，那些经历了更大的羞耻感和更大的社会自尊感下降的参与者的皮质醇增加更大。结论：对社会自我的威胁是羞耻感的重要诱发因素，在苛刻的表现条件下，社会自尊下降，皮质醇增加。皮质醇的变化可能与这种情况下反映低自我价值的情绪和认知体验特别相关。
Objective: Our Social Self Preservation Theory asserts that situations which threaten the "social self" (ie, one's social value or standing) elicit increased feelings of low social worth (eg, shame), decrements in social self-esteem, and increases in cortisol, a hormone released by the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. To test our theoretical premise, cognitive, emotional, and physiological responses to the performance of laboratory stressor tasks were compared in participants who performed these tasks in the presence or absence of social-self threat. Methods: Pre- and poststressor emotion, self-esteem, heart rate, blood pressure, and salivary cortisol were compared in 81 participants randomly assigned to complete speech and mental arithmetic stress tasks with social evaluation present (n = 41) or absent (n = 40). Results: As hypothesized, participants in the social evaluation condition exhibited greater increases in shame and greater decrements in social self-esteem. Other psychological states (eg, anxiety, performance self-esteem) did not show differential changes as a function of the social context. Salivary cortisol increased in social evaluation condition participants but did not increase in participants who performed the same tasks in the absence of social evaluation. Cortisol increases were greater in participants who experienced greater increases in shame and greater decreases in social self-esteem under social-self threat. Conclusion: Threat to the social self is an important elicitor of shame experience, decreases in social self-esteem and cortisol increases under demanding performance conditions. Cortisol changes may be specifically tied to the experience of emotions and cognitions reflecting low self-worth in this context.