Wind energy: UK experiences and offshore operational challenges
Wind energy: UK experiences and offshore operational challenges
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DOI：
10.1177/0957650915597560
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发表时间：
2015-11-01
影响因子：
1.7
通讯作者：
Hogg, Simon I.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Crabtree, Christopher J.;Zappala, Donatella;Hogg, Simon I.
本文讨论了英国风能发电的发展，以及风能产业面临的挑战，包括可靠性、性能和状态监测，特别是在近海环境中。目前，全球海上风电装机容量已超过7GW，新资产的部署速度不断提高。目前全球约90%的装机容量位于北欧，其中英国的4GW装机容量占全球最大份额。提供了来自英国海上风电场的产能系数数据，提供了大型第二轮海上风电场与较早的第一轮风电场和陆上风电场相比的当前表现。数据显示，英国第二轮海上农场的月平均产能系数为38.3%，峰值为75.8%。较老的第一轮农场的平均产能系数较低，为33.6%，而产能超过100兆瓦的大型陆上农场的平均产能系数为25.6%。随着时间的推移，海上风力涡轮机的性能有所提高，该行业正在应用从早期经验中学习的经验，以在最近安装的农场实现更好的性能。尽管涡轮机的可用性有了这些改进，但风能的成本仍然太高，特别是海上风能，如果没有补贴，它就不能成为一种商业上可行的发电形式。将风能的成本降低到经济上可持续的水平是当今该行业面临的最重要的挑战。运营和维护成本占大型发电场风能总成本的30%。该行业必须克服与提高部件可靠性以及运营商开发和采用适当的状态监测系统和维护战略相关的挑战，以便将成本降低到可持续的水平。文中还回顾了为实现这些目标而开展的研究和开发工作。
This paper presents a discussion of the development of wind energy generation in the United Kingdom and the challenges faced by the wind industry including reliability, performance and condition monitoring, particularly in the offshore environment. The worldwide installed capacity of offshore wind has now risen to over 7GW, with an ever increasing deployment rate of new assets. About 90% of the global currently installed capacity is in Northern Europe, with the United Kingdom having the world's largest share at 4GW. Capacity factor data from UK offshore wind farms is presented, providing an insight into the current performance of large Round 2 offshore wind farms compared to the earlier Round 1 farms and to onshore farms. The data reveal that the United Kingdom's Round 2 offshore farms are achieving an average monthly capacity factor of 38.3% with a peak value of 75.8%. The older Round 1 farms have a lower average capacity factor of 33.6% while large onshore farms with capacities above 100 MW have achieved 25.6%. Offshore wind turbine performance has improved over time, and the industry is applying the learning from early experiences to achieve better performances at the more recently installed farms. Despite these improvements in turbine availability, the cost of energy from wind, particularly offshore, remains too high for it to be a commercially viable form of generation without subsidies. Reducing the cost of energy from wind to economically sustainable levels is the most important challenge facing the industry today. Operation and maintenance costs constitute up to 30 % of the total cost of energy from wind in large farms. The industry must overcome the challenges associated with improving component reliability and the development and adoption by operators of appropriate condition monitoring systems and maintenance strategies, in order to reduce costs to sustainable levels. Research and development work carried out with these goals in mind is also reviewed in the paper.