Sweet taste potentiates the reinforcing effects of e-cigarettes
Sweet taste potentiates the reinforcing effects of e-cigarettes
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DOI：
10.1016/j.euroneuro.2018.07.102
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发表时间：
2018-10-01
影响因子：
5.6
通讯作者：
Small, Dana M.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Kroemer, Nils B.;Veldhuizen, Maria G.;Small, Dana M.
电子烟（e-cigarettes）越来越受欢迎。水果口味在电子烟用户中的流行表明，甜味可能有助于电子烟的吸引力。因此，我们测试了甜味是否会增强尼古丁的增强作用。使用适合研究电子烟的条件反射范式，我们测试了接触含有尼古丁和甜味的调味电子烟是否会比不加糖的电子烟更有强化作用。16名轻度吸烟者分别吸了4种不同颜色的电子烟，其中含有甜味和非甜味，含或不含尼古丁，每次吸2天。然后使用fMRI评估大脑对4种暴露的电子烟的视觉和气味的反应。暴露后，甜味配对的口味更受欢迎（p= 0.024），而且比尼古丁配对的口味更受欢迎（p= 0.053）。此外，甜味超加性增加了对尼古丁配对口味的喜好，而这些人对尼古丁的喜好并没有增加（r= -。67，p=.005）。因此，与非甜味相比，预测甜味的线索在延髓核（NAcc，p（SVC）= 0.050）中引起了更强的反应，并且对电子烟的视觉（p（SVC）= 0.022）和嗅觉（p（SVC）= 0.017）的反应幅度与喜好的变化相关。相比之下，单独预测尼古丁的线索的视觉和嗅觉未能引起NAcc反应。然而，电子烟与甜味+尼古丁（p（SVC）= 0.035）配对的视觉和气味产生了超加性NAcc反应。总的来说，这些发现表明甜味增强了电子烟中尼古丁的增强作用，从而提高了大脑的线索反应性。(c)2018 Elsevier B.V.和ECNP。All rights reserved.
Electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) are becoming increasingly popular. The popularity of fruit flavors among e-cigarette users suggests that sweet taste may contribute to e-cigarette appeal. We therefore tested whether sweet taste potentiates the reinforcing effects of nicotine. Using a conditioning paradigm adapted to study e-cigarettes, we tested whether exposure to flavored e-cigarettes containing nicotine plus sweet taste would be more reinforcing than unsweetened e-cigarettes. Sixteen light cigarette smokers smoked 4 distinctly colored e-cigarettes containing sweetened and unsweetened flavors with or without nicotine for 2 days each. Brain response was then assessed to the sight and smell of the 4 exposed e-cigarettes using fMRI. After exposure, sweet-paired flavors were wanted (p=.024) and tended to be liked (p=.053) more than nicotine-paired flavors. Moreover, sweet taste supra-additively increased liking for nicotinepaired flavors in individuals who did not show increased liking for nicotine alone (r= -. 67, p=.005). Accordingly, cues predicting sweet compared to non-sweet flavors elicited a stronger response in the nucleus accumbens (NAcc, p(SVC)=.050) and the magnitude of response to the sight (p(SVC)=.022) and smell (p(SVC)=.017) of the e-cigarettes correlated with changes in liking. By contrast, the sight and smell of cues predicting nicotine alone failed to elicit NAcc response. However, the sight and smell of e-cigarettes paired with sweet + nicotine ( p(SVC)=.035) produced supra-additive NAcc responses. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that sweet taste potentiates the reinforcing effects of nicotine in e-cigarettes resulting in heightened brain cue-reactivity. (c) 2018 Elsevier B.V. and ECNP. All rights reserved.