Flame temperature effect on sp2 bonds on nascent carbon nanoparticles formed in premixed flames (Tf,max > 2100 K): A Raman spectroscopy and particle mobility sizing study
Flame temperature effect on sp2 bonds on nascent carbon nanoparticles formed in premixed flames (Tf,max > 2100 K): A Raman spectroscopy and particle mobility sizing study
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DOI：
10.1016/j.proci.2018.06.124
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发表时间：
2019-01-01
影响因子：
3.4
通讯作者：
Camacho, Joaquin
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Bonpua, Jonathan;Yagues, Yuniba;Camacho, Joaquin
在一组烟灰预混停滞火焰中，在固定的生长时间（t(p) 类似于 13 ms）和当量比（Phi = 2.5）下，观察到随着火焰温度的升高，碳颗粒尺寸和碳键的演变。对于每个火焰中形成的碳，随着最高火焰温度从 1911 K < T-f,T-max < 2263 K 增加，测量了详细的粒度分布函数 (PSDF) 和拉曼光谱（激发能 2.33 eV）。随着火焰温度的升高，PSDF 的尺寸逐渐减小，宽度变窄，预计前体的可逆性会导致在高温下形成碳颗粒的趋势。拉曼光谱的几个特征用于分析随着火焰温度升高而形成的火焰碳上的碳键。对于 T-f,T-max = 1911 K 形成的碳产品，观察到了与烟灰相对应的拉曼光谱的典型特征。在高温火焰碳的光谱中，整体 G（理想石墨中的 sp(2)）和 D（sp(2) 缺陷）拉曼带的宽度显着变窄。非晶带（D3）的强度相对于G带降低。对于较低温度火焰的碳产物，在1600cm(-1)附近观察到包含G带的相对较宽的带。随着火焰温度升高，在该区域观察到两个单独的峰； G 带和 1620 cm(-1) 附近的单独带 对于在 T-f,T-max = 1911 K 和 2260 K 下形成的碳产物，缺陷之间的特征距离估计从 1 nm 增长到 2 nm。在这些条件下观察到的相应表面积分别约为每个颗粒 600 nm(2) 和 200 nm(2)，这表明颗粒上有序结构的相对面积增加。 (C) 2018 年燃烧研究所。由爱思唯尔公司出版。保留所有权利。
The evolution in carbon particle size and carbon bonds was observed with increasing flame temperature for a fixed growth time (t(p) similar to 13 ms) and equivalence ratio (Phi = 2.5) in set of sooting premixed stagnation flames. For carbon formed in each flame, detailed particle size distribution functions (PSDF) and Raman spectra (excitation energy of 2.33 eV) were measured as the maximum flame temperature increased from 1911 K < T-f,T-max < 2263 K. The PSDF steadily decreased in size and narrowed in width as the flame temperature increased, a trend which reversibility in precursors is expected to cause for carbon particles formed at elevated temperatures. Several features of the Raman spectra were used to analyze carbon bonds on the flame-formed carbon with increasing flame temperature. Typical features of Raman spectra corresponding to soot were observed for carbon products formed with T-f,T-max = 1911 K. The widths of the overall G (sp(2) in ideal graphite) and D (sp(2) defects) Raman bands narrowed significantly in spectra from elevated temperature flame carbon. The intensity of the amorphous band (D3) relative the G band decreased. For carbon products of the lower temperature flames, a relatively wide band in the vicinity of 1600 cm(-1) encompassing the G band was observed. As the flame temperature increased, two separate peaks were observed in this region; the G band and a separate band in the vicinity of 1620 cm(-1) The characteristic distance between defects was estimated to grow from 1 nm to 2 nm for carbon products formed at T-f,T-max = 1911 K and 2260 K, respectively. The corresponding surface area observed at these conditions was on the order of 600 nm(2) and 200 nm(2) per particle, respectively, which indicates the relative area of ordered structures on the particle increases. (C) 2018 The Combustion Institute. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.