Estimation of the Probability of Long-Distance Dispersal: Stratified Diffusion of Spartina alterniflora in the Yangtze River Estuary
Estimation of the Probability of Long-Distance Dispersal: Stratified Diffusion of Spartina alterniflora in the Yangtze River Estuary
复制标题
长江口互花米草远距离扩散概率估计
DOI：
10.4236/ajps.2014.524380
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发表时间：
2014-11
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Bo Li
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Wei Yang;Qing Wang;Xiaoyun Pan;Bo Li
在入侵物种的传播过程中，长距离扩散和局部扩散的相对作用一直是一个有争议的话题。互花米草对潮间带泥滩的入侵是分层扩散的一个理想例子，它既包括种子的远距离扩散，也包括由于无性系生长而引起的局部扩散。结合范围半径-时间曲线实验数据，采用行波方程模型研究了外来互花草在长江口崇明东部和九段沙两个潮沼的传播速率对长距离扩散（c，最大种群建立率）和局部种群扩散（r，固有生长率）参数的敏感性。东崇明群岛和九段沙群岛都是中国的国家级自然保护区，成立于2005年。然而，这两个保护区的泥滩和盐沼现在大量滋生了引进的互花蓟马，这可能威胁到河口生态系统及其生物多样性。互花葡萄球菌于1995年首次在崇明发现。1997年和2001年在九端沙和崇明分别引入互花草，对河口滩涂泥沙的快速增沙也起到了促进作用，使河口范围迅速扩大。结果表明，分层扩散物种的范围扩展同时受到远距离扩散和局部种群扩散的影响，并且存在一个临界c*，在该临界c*以下，传播速率受远距离扩散的影响大于局部扩散。将该模型应用于长江口互花草的入侵，得到崇明和上海九段沙的互花草入侵量分别为c = 1.7 × 10-3、c* = 0.126和c = 4.8 × 10-3 km-2·年-1，c* = 0.140 km-2·年-1。结果表明，在长江口，互花草的范围扩展受远距离扩散的影响大于局部群落扩散的影响，每年每平方公里产生1.7 × 10-3 ~ 4.8 × 10-3个群落。本研究为互花蓟马的传播动态提供了重要信息，可能有助于寻找最佳控制策略。
The relative contribution of long-distance dispersal and local diffusion in the spread of invasive species has been a subject of much debate. Invasion of the intertidal mudflats by Spartina alterniflora is an ideal example of stratified diffusion, involving both long-distance dispersal of seeds and local diffusion due to clonal growth. In conjunction with experimental data on range radius-versus-time curve, a traveling wave equation-based model is used to investigate the sensitivity of the spread rate of exotic S. alterniflora to parameters of long distance dispersal (c, maximum colonial establishment rate) and local colony diffusion (r, intrinsic growth rate) at two tidal marshes, the Eastern Chongming and the Jiuduansha Islands, at the Yangtze River estuary. Both Eastern Chong ming and Jiuduansha Islands are now national natural reserves in China, which were established in 2005. However, the mudflats and salt marshes in the two reserves are now heavily infested with introduced S. alterniflora, which may threaten the estuarine ecosystems and their biodiversity. S. alterniflora was first found in 1995 on Chongming. For rapid sediment accretion in mudflats in the estuary, S. alterniflora was also intentionally introduced to Jiuduansha in 1997 and Chongming in 2001, which has led to a rapid range expansion in the estuary. Our results show that range expansion of species with stratified diffusion is affected by both long-distance dispersal and local colony diffusion, and that there is a critical c*, below which the spread rate is more influenced by long-distance dispersal than by local diffusion. After applying this model to the invasion of S. alterniflora in the Yangtze River estuary, we derive that c = 1.7 × 10-3, c* = 0.126 and c = 4.8 × 10-3 km-2·yr-1, c* = 0.140 km-2·yr-1 at Chongming and Jiuduansha (Shanghai), respectively. Our results suggest that the range spread of S. alterniflora in the Yangtze River estuary is more influenced by long-distance dispersal than local colony diffusion, and that S. alterniflora generates about 1.7 × 10-3 to 4.8 × 10-3 colonies per square kilometers per year. This study provides important information about dispersal dynamics of S. alterniflora that may be useful for finding optimal control strategies.
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