Occurrence of antibiotics and bacterial resistance in wastewater and sea water from the Antarctic
Occurrence of antibiotics and bacterial resistance in wastewater and sea water from the Antarctic
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DOI：
10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.07.027
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发表时间：
2019-02-05
影响因子：
13.6
通讯作者：
Montory, M.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Hernandez, F.;Calisto-Ulloa, N.;Montory, M.
水生环境中可能存在引入的抗生素是一个令人关注的热点问题，特别是在南极洲，这是一个受马德里议定书保护的高度脆弱地区。人口的增加，特别是在夏季，可能会导致废水中出现药物。先前在乔治王岛收集的海水和废水中发现了对抗生素具有耐药性的大肠杆菌菌株，这促使我们对这些样品中的抗生素发生率进行调查。应用多残留LC-MS/MS法对20种抗生素进行了检测，结果表明，处理后的废水中存在8种化合物，主要是喹诺酮类药物环丙沙星和诺氟沙星（92%和54%的分析样品，平均浓度分别为0.89 μ g/L和0.75 μ g/L）和大环内酯类阿奇霉素和克拉霉素（15%阳性样品，平均浓度接近0.4 μ g/L）和红霉素（38%阳性样品，平均浓度0.003 μ g/L）。在一个样本中发现甲硝唑和克林霉素，分别为0.17和0.1 μ g/L;在两个样本中发现甲氧苄啶，为0.001 μ g/L。对废水排放口附近收集的海水进行的分析也表明，3种抗生素（环丙沙星、克林霉素、甲氧苄啶）的零星存在处于低ng/L水平，说明了药物消耗的影响以及传统污水处理厂对这些化合物的去除效果不佳。海水中分布最广的抗生素是环丙沙星，在34个分析的海水样本中有15个发现了环丙沙星，浓度范围为4至218 ng/L。观察到细菌对样品中鉴定的一些抗生素具有耐药性（例如，三甲氧嘧啶和萘啶酸-第一代喹诺酮）。然而，由于分析限制（青霉素类、四环素类），对某些抗生素的耐药性与水样中存在的抗生素无关。与此相反，在样品中检测到的某些抗生素（大环内酯类）对大肠杆菌的抗菌活性。大肠杆菌没有调查，因为这些抗生素不包括这种细菌物种在其spectrum的activity.Our初步数据表明，抗生素在南极水生环境中的出现是一个问题，需要妥善解决。建议定期监测水样并在污水处理厂中实施额外处理，作为第一步，以防止在不久的将来在南极洲出现与抗生素和其他新污染物有关的潜在问题。
The potential presence of introduced antibiotics in the aquatic environment is a hot topic of concern, particularly in the Antarctic, a highly vulnerable area protected under the Madrid protocol. The increasing presence of human population, especially during summer, might led to the appearance of pharmaceuticals in wastewater. The previous discovery of Escherichia coli strains resistant to antibiotics in sea water and wastewater collected in King George Island motivated our investigation on antibiotics occurrence in these samples. The application of a multi-residue LC-MS/MS method for 20 antibiotics, revealed the presence of 8 compounds in treated wastewater, mainly the quinolones ciprofloxacin and norfloxacin (92% and 54% of the samples analyzed, average concentrations 0.89 mu g/L and 0.75 mu g/L, respectively) and the macrolides azithromycin and clarithromycin (15% positive samples, and average concentrations near 0.4 mu g/L), and erythromycin (38% positive samples, average concentration 0.003 mu g/L). Metronidazole and clindamycin were found in one sample, at 0.17 and 0.1 mu g/L, respectively; and trimethoprim in two samples, at 0.001 mu g/L. Analysis of sea water collected near the outfall of the wastewater discharges also showed the sporadic presence of 3 antibiotics (ciprofloxacin, clindamycin, trimethoprim) at low ng/L level, illustrating the impact of pharmaceuticals consumption and the poor removal of these compounds in conventional WWTPs. The most widespread antibiotic in sea water was ciprofloxacin, which was found in 15 out of 34 sea water samples analyzed, at concentrations ranging from 4 to 218 ng/L. Bacteria resistance was observed for some antibiotics identified in the samples (e.g. trimetropim and nalidixic acid -a first generation quinolone). However, resistance to some groups of antibiotics could not be correlated to their presence in the water samples due to analytical limitations (penicillins, tetraciclines). On the contrary, for some groups of antibiotics detected in samples (macrolides), the antibacterial activity against E. Coli was not investigated because these antibiotics do not include this bacterial species in their spectrum of activity.Our preliminary data demonstrate that antibiotics occurrence in the Antarctic aquatic environment is an issue that needs to be properly addressed. Periodical monitoring of water samples and the implementation of additional treatments in the WWTPs are recommended as a first step to prevent potential problems related to the presence of antibiotics and other emerging contaminants in the near future in Antarctica.