A history of optogenetics: the development of tools for controlling brain circuits with light.
A history of optogenetics: the development of tools for controlling brain circuits with light.
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光遗传学的历史：开发用于控制脑电路的工具。
DOI：
10.3410/b3-11
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发表时间：
2011
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Boyden ES
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Boyden ES
了解大脑中不同种类的神经元如何协同工作以实现感觉、感觉、思想和运动，以及特定种类的神经元缺陷如何导致大脑疾病，长期以来一直是基础和临床神经科学的优先事项。“光遗传”工具是基因编码的分子，当靶向大脑中的特定神经元时，使它们的活动能够被光驱动或沉默。这些分子是微生物视蛋白，这是一种从世界各地发现的生物体中改编而来的七跨膜蛋白，它通过将离子转运穿过细胞的脂质膜来对光进行反应，在细胞中它们被遗传表达。这些工具能够对不同神经元在神经回路中所起的作用进行因果评估，并相应地用于揭示不同神经元如何对大脑的新兴计算和行为功能做出贡献。这些工具也被探索作为原型神经控制假肢的组成部分，能够纠正在大脑疾病中出错的神经回路计算。本文综述了光遗传学的诞生，并讨论了该技术及其应用。
Understanding how different kinds of neuron in the brain work together to implement sensations, feelings, thoughts, and movements, and how deficits in specific kinds of neuron result in brain diseases, has long been a priority in basic and clinical neuroscience. “Optogenetic” tools are genetically encoded molecules that, when targeted to specific neurons in the brain, enable their activity to be driven or silenced by light. These molecules are microbial opsins, seven-transmembrane proteins adapted from organisms found throughout the world, which react to light by transporting ions across the lipid membranes of cells in which they are genetically expressed. These tools are enabling the causal assessment of the roles that different sets of neurons play within neural circuits, and are accordingly being used to reveal how different sets of neurons contribute to the emergent computational and behavioral functions of the brain. These tools are also being explored as components of prototype neural control prosthetics capable of correcting neural circuit computations that have gone awry in brain disorders. This review gives an account of the birth of optogenetics and discusses the technology and its applications.