The sedimentary record of the Alkinoos Harbour of ancient Corcyra (Corfu Island, Greece) – geoarchaeological evidence for rapid coastal changes induced by co-seismic uplift, tsunami inundation and human interventions
The sedimentary record of the Alkinoos Harbour of ancient Corcyra (Corfu Island, Greece) – geoarchaeological evidence for rapid coastal changes induced by co-seismic uplift, tsunami inundation and human interventions
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古代科西拉岛阿尔基努斯港（希腊科孚岛）的沉积记录——同震抬升、海啸淹没和人类干预引起的海岸快速变化的地质考古证据
DOI：
10.1127/zfg_suppl/2018/0514
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发表时间：
2019
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Hadler
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Finkler;Rigakou;Metallinou;Fischer;Hadler
古科西拉(今天的科尔基拉或科孚)自古以来就是一个重要的港口城市和商业中心，这也是因为它在希腊和意大利或西西里之间的贸易路线上的地缘战略地位。科西拉通过一支庞大的海军舰队保持了其作为地中海主要海军力量之一的地位，需要储存和修复被征用的港口盆地。历史记录和相关考古遗迹记载了至少两个港口，即阿尔基努斯港和希莱科斯港，这两个港口都位于阿纳利西斯半岛北部狭窄的地峡两侧，古代城邦就是在这里发展起来的。今天，古老的海港盆地被现代城市基础设施淤积和过度建设，掩盖了它们的整体范围和地形。本研究旨在以多方法论、古环境和地质考古学方法重建科西拉古阿尔基诺斯港的复杂古地理。使用的方法包括沉积、地球化学、微型动物群和地球物理调查，并辅之以考古数据和以前的地质考古研究结果。在空间上，这项研究集中在现代城市科孚市中心已知的阿尔基努斯港沉积物以西的所谓Desylla遗址区域。这些结果得到了两个地貌关键遗址的发现以及阿纳利西斯半岛西部的考古地震遗迹的补充。在Desylla遗址，我们发现了一个古老的前海港的沉积证据，部分面向科孚湾，这是一个受保护的古典海港盆地的前身。这个水盆，在使用中至少在4到3美分之间。公元前1分和1分钱。西边有一堵墙把它隔开。它代表了古典阿尔基努斯港的中心部分，这是第一次从西部的Desylla遗址到东部的Kokotou遗址进行沉积追踪，在那里，在早期的考古发掘中发现了不朽的船棚。可能，海港地带向东延伸得更远，在那里发现了与Pierri和Arion遗址的突出码头墙有关的同期港口沉积物。我们的结果表明，除了人为干预外，Corcyra的古地理演变与以海啸淹没形式的极端海浪事件的多重影响密切相关。Analipsis半岛及其周围以及古科西拉北部港口地带的自然地理档案中记录了至少四次事件(I-IV)。具体地说，这些事件发生在公元前5600至5200卡(事件I)之间，公元前3900卡(事件II)之后，在第四至第三分之间。公元前(事件III)和3至6美分之间。公元，很可能在公元365年(事件IV)。所有事件的年代与在西西里、希腊大陆和其他爱奥尼亚群岛发现的海啸痕迹的年代有很好的相关性。第一次和第二次海啸导致Analipsis半岛周围环境发生巨大变化，而第三次海啸与强烈的同震隆起有关，导致皮耶里港口遗址被废弃。然而，由于Kokotou和Desylla遗址淤积而导致的水深下降，通过疏浚得到了纠正，导致罗马人广泛重新利用阿尔基努斯港区的西部。然而，这两个海港地点再次受到第四次事件的袭击，事件堆积的厚厚序列填满了海港盆地。
Ancient Corcyra (modern Kerkyra or Corfu) was an important harbour city and commercial centre since the Archaic period, also due to its geostrategic position on the trade routes between Greece and Italy or Sicily. Corcyra kept its status as one of the prevailing naval powers in the Mediterranean by means of a large naval fleet, needing appropriated harbour basins to be stored and repaired. At least two harbours are documented by historical records and associated archaeological remains, namely the Alkinoos and the Hyllaikos Harbours, both located on either side of a narrow isthmus to the north of the Analipsis Peninsula, where the ancient polis developed. Today, the ancient harbour basins are silted and overbuilt by modern urban infrastructure, concealing their overall extent and topography. The present study aims to reconstruct the complex palaeogeographies of the ancient Alkinoos harbour of Corcyra based on a multi-methodological palaeoenvironmental and geoarchaeological approach. The methods used include sedimentary, geochemical, microfaunal and geophysical investigations that were complemented by archaeological data and results from previous geoarchaeological research. Spatially, the study focusses on the area of the so-called Desylla site west of known Alkinoos Harbour sediments in the midst of the modern city of Corfu. These results were complemented by findings from two geomorphological key sites as well as archaeoseismological traces from the western part of the Analipsis Peninsula. At the Desylla site, we found sedimentary evidence of an Archaic pre-harbour, partly open to the Gulf of Corfu, which was the predecessor of a protected Classical harbour basin. This basin, in use between at least the 4th to 3rd cent. BC and the 1st cent. AD, was delimited to the west by a wall. It represents the central part of the Classical Alkinoos Harbour which was sedimentologically traced, for the first time, from the Desylla site in the west to the Kokotou site in the east, where monumental shipsheds were unearthed during earlier archaeological excavations. Probably, the harbour zone extended even further to the east, where contemporaneous harbour deposits were found associated with the prominent quay wall at the Pierri and Arion sites. Our results show, that, apart from man-made interventions, Corcyra’s palaeogeographical evolution is strongly linked to multiple impacts of extreme wave events in the form of tsunami inundation. At least four events (I–IV) are recorded in the natural geoarchives of the Analipsis Peninsula and its surroundings as well as the northern harbour zone of ancient Corcyra. In particular, these events happened between 5600 and 5200 cal BC (event I), after 3900 cal BC (event II), between the 4th and 3rd cent. BC (event III) and between the 3rd and 6th cent. AD, most likely at 365 AD (event IV). Ages of all events correlate well with ages of tsunami traces found on Sicily, the Greek mainland and other Ionian Islands. Tsunami events I and II led to massive environmental changes around the Analipsis Peninsula, while event III was associated to strong co-seismic uplift, leading to the abandonment of the harbour site at Pierri. Decreasing water depths by siltation of the Kokotou and Desylla sites, however, were redressed by dredging, giving rise to an extensive Roman re-use of the western part of the Alkinoos Harbour zone. Yet, both harbour sites were hit again by event IV filling the harbour basins by a thick sequence of event deposits.