Live yeasts in the gut: Natural occurrence, dietary introduction, and their effects on fish health and development
Live yeasts in the gut: Natural occurrence, dietary introduction, and their effects on fish health and development
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DOI：
10.1016/j.aquaculture.2007.01.005
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发表时间：
2007-07-03
期刊：
影响因子：
4.5
通讯作者：
Gatesoupe, F. J.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Gatesoupe, F. J.
这篇简短的综述总结了关于酵母在鱼肠道中的重要性的知识现状。酵母菌通常在胃肠道中分离出来，在健康的鱼类中有时会发现高种群密度，但在菌落数量和分类多样性方面，数据差异很大。红酵母属Rhodotorula sp.在海水和淡水鱼中似乎都相对常见，汉森变形杆菌在彩虹鲑鱼中占主导地位。一些优势菌株也已被描述，如海水鱼类中的佐氏Metschnikowia zobelii、皮肤毛孢子菌和热带念珠菌，以及念珠菌属、酿酒酵母和白孢子菌属。在彩虹鲑鱼身上。酵母菌在鱼粘液中的自然繁殖通常被认为是共生的，尽管也有少数病理性感染主要是由于机会性菌株引起的。在实验引入后，有几个菌株在鱼的肠道中定居和生长，特别是虹鱼体内的酿酒葡萄球菌和汉森葡萄球菌。在鱼类肠道中，酵母菌之间竞争的情况很少，而酵母对伴生细菌的影响尚不清楚。酵母可以刺激鱼类的免疫反应。在这方面，β-葡聚糖可能是最重要的化合物，但其他一些细胞壁成分或可溶性因子也可能起到作用。根据实验条件的不同，膳食酵母已经引起了细胞反应和不道德反应。寄主还可获得其他益处，特别是在肠道内定植早期饲喂酵母的鱼苗，这可能会对发育产生一些影响，例如加速消化系统的成熟。在较老的鱼中，食用酵母可能会刺激新陈代谢和生长。这种有益的影响需要进一步研究，无论是在自然定居的情况下，还是在饲料引入后，同时试图阐明作用模式，并确定细胞活性是否是疗效的先决条件。(C)2007 Elsevier B.V.保留所有权利。
This minireview summarises the present state of knowledge concerning the importance of yeasts in fish gut. Yeasts have been commonly isolated in the gastrointestinal tract, and high population densities were sometimes noted in healthy fish, but the data were quite variable in terms of colony counts and taxonomical diversity. Rhodotorula sp. seemed relatively frequent in both marine and freshwater fish, and Debaryomyces hansenii has been found to be dominant in rainbow trout. Some other dominant strains have been described, such as Metschnikowia zobelii, Trichosporon cutaneum, and Candida tropicalis in marine fish, and Candida sp., Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and Leucosporidium sp. in rainbow trout. The natural proliferation of yeasts in fish mucus may be generally considered as commensalism, in spite of a few cases of pathological infections mainly due to opportunistic strains.Several strains were documented to settle and grow in fish intestine after experimental introduction, particularly S. cerevisiae and D. hansenii in rainbow trout. There have been a few instances of competition among yeasts in fish intestine, while the effect of yeast on associated bacteria is still unclear.Yeasts can stimulate the immune response in fish. beta-glucans are likely the most important compounds in this regard, but some other cell-wall components or soluble factors may also play a role. Both cellular and Immoral responses have been educed by dietary yeast, depending on the experimental conditions. Other benefits may be expected for the host, especially the intestinal colonisation of early feeding fry with yeast, which may have some effect on development, e.g. by accelerating the maturation of the digestive system. In older fish, dietary yeast may stimulate metabolism and growth.Such beneficial effects need to be further investigated, either in cases of natural colonisation or after dietary introduction, while trying to elucidate the mode of action, and determine whether cellular viability is a prerequisite for efficacy. (C) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.