A dynamic epibiont community associated with the bone-eating polychaete genus Osedax.
A dynamic epibiont community associated with the bone-eating polychaete genus Osedax.
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Osedax是一种深海环节动物，发现于沉没的鲸鱼瀑布中，众所周知，它在专门的根部细胞内寄宿着海洋螺旋菌细菌内共生体，这有助于它只以脊椎动物的骨骼为食。然而，过去的研究也提到了树干上的外部细菌。在一项长达14年的研究中，我们揭示了弯曲菌整合到Osedax的表皮中的动态但持续的转移，随着鲸鱼身体在海底降解，这种转移随着时间的推移而变化。与7种Osedax相关的弯曲杆菌占鲸鱼躯干细菌群落的67%，在鲸鱼身体分解的早期(24个月)以弧杆菌属(Arcobacter)为主，在中期(~50个月)以硫杆菌属(Sulfurospirillum)为主，在鲸鱼身体分解的后期(~140mo)以硫绿单胞菌(SulFurimonas)为主。对表生生物代谢能力的超基因组分析表明，它们有可能从异养向自养转变，并且它们代谢氧、碳、氮和硫的能力存在差异。与自由生活的近亲相比，Osedax epbiont基因组富含转座元件，意味着宿主表面的基因交换，并含有大量具有真核样蛋白(ELP)结构域的分泌系统，表明这些神秘但分布广泛的深海蠕虫有着悠久的进化历史。共生协会在自然界中广泛存在，我们可以预期在每一种类型的生态位中都能找到它们。在过去的二十年里，组成微生物-宿主协会的各种功能、相互作用和物种激起了人们对共生的兴趣和欣赏。在这项长达14年的研究中，我们揭示了细菌表生的动态种群，整合到7种深海蠕虫的表皮中，这种蠕虫只以海洋哺乳动物的残骸为食。细菌基因组为这些神秘蠕虫的漫长进化历史提供了线索。在宿主表面，它们交换基因，似乎经历了生态演替，因为鲸鱼身体的栖息地随着时间的推移而退化，类似于在一些自由生活的群落中观察到的情况。这些和其他环节动物蠕虫是不同深海环境的重要基石物种，然而附着的外部细菌在支持宿主健康方面的作用相对较少受到关注。
Osedax, the deep-sea annelid found at sunken whalefalls, is known to host Oceanospirillales bacterial endosymbionts intracellularly in specialized roots, which help it feed exclusively on vertebrate bones. Past studies, however, have also made mention of external bacteria on their trunks. During a 14-yr study, we reveal a dynamic, yet persistent, shift of Campylobacterales integrated into the epidermis of Osedax, which change over time as the whale carcass degrades on the sea floor. The Campylobacterales associated with seven species of Osedax, which comprise 67% of the bacterial community on the trunk, appear initially dominated by the genus Arcobacter (at early time points <24 mo), the Sulfurospirillum at intermediate stages (~50 mo), and the Sulfurimonas at later stages (>140 mo) of whale carcass decomposition. Metagenome analysis of the epibiont metabolic capabilities suggests potential for a transition from heterotrophy to autotrophy and differences in their capacity to metabolize oxygen, carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur. Compared to free-living relatives, the Osedax epibiont genomes were enriched in transposable elements, implicating genetic exchange on the host surface, and contained numerous secretions systems with eukaryotic-like protein (ELP) domains, suggesting a long evolutionary history with these enigmatic, yet widely distributed deep-sea worms. Symbiotic associations are widespread in nature and we can expect to find them in every type of ecological niche. In the last twenty years, the myriad of functions, interactions and species comprising microbe-host associations has fueled a surge of interest and appreciation for symbiosis. During this 14-year study, we reveal a dynamic population of bacterial epibionts, integrated into the epidermis of 7 species of a deep-sea worm group that feeds exclusively on the remains of marine mammals. The bacterial genomes provide clues of a long evolutionary history with these enigmatic worms. On the host surface, they exchange genes and appear to undergo ecological succession, as the whale carcass habitat degrades over time, similar to what is observed for some free-living communities. These, and other annelid worms are important keystone species for diverse deep-sea environments, yet the role of attached external bacteria in supporting host health has received relatively little attention.
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DOI：
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