El “Adiós Tejas” in El Corrido Pensilvanio: Migration, Place, and Politics in South Texas
El “Adiós Tejas” in El Corrido Pensilvanio: Migration, Place, and Politics in South Texas
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El Corrido Pensilvanio 中的 El “Adiós Tejas”：德克萨斯州南部的移民、地点和政治
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发表时间：
2015
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通讯作者：
J. Rodríguez
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作者：
J. Rodríguez
近世纪前，墨西哥移民劳工开始前往美国北方地区工作，其中一些人是为了逃避革命冲突，另一些人则是受到雇主对工人短缺的回应。许多人来自内陆的哈利斯科、瓜纳华托和米却肯州，还有一些人是在第一次世界大战期间为缓解劳动力短缺而制定的“临时入境”政策下被带到北方的（Reisler，17，27）。例如，从1917年到1919年，宾夕法尼亚铁路公司将墨西哥人从德克萨斯州沃斯堡的一个中转区运送到宾夕法尼亚州和周边地区的轨道上工作（Vargas 60-61）。几年后，伯利恒钢铁公司的企业高管们，也是在宾夕法尼亚州，通过雇佣主要来自米却肯州的墨西哥工人来满足他们自己的劳动力需求。1923年4月开始，这家钢铁制造商与两国政府合作，从德克萨斯州圣安东尼奥的一个中转站运送了数百名墨西哥人（3）。这些宾夕法尼亚州的enganches，或工作合同，在许多方面都不起眼，除了两者似乎已经成为一个关键的墨西哥裔美国人corrido的来源，El Corrido de Pensilvania（也被称为El Pensilvanio或La Pensilvania），关于一个充满希望的移民到宾夕法尼亚州寻找更好的生活。虽然它的确切起源尚不清楚，但这种德克萨斯-墨西哥的corrido可能是在1929年由着名的圣安东尼奥地区音乐家Pedro罗查和Lounge Martinez首次录制的。这首歌及其变体吸引了许多学者的学术兴趣，包括阿梅里科·帕雷德斯（Américo Paredes），他在他对边境民歌的研究中强调，没有一首歌的变体“取代了德克萨斯-墨西哥传统中的《La Pensilvania》，成为墨西哥移民劳工的缩影”（德克萨斯-墨西哥26）。然而，丹·迪基（Dan Dickey）最清楚地揭示了它的政治和经济背景，他将其置于对20世纪早期棉花收获的corridos de las pizcas或corridos的更大研究中。棉花收获的背景仍然是至关重要的，确实在本文后面发挥了作用，但我的主要目的是超越历史
Nearly a century ago, Mexican migrant laborers, some escaping revolutionary conflict, others lured by employers responding to worker shortages, began heading to jobs in regions of the northern US. Many came from the interior states of Jalisco, Guanajuato, and Michoacán, and some were brought north under a “temporary admissions” policy enacted to ease labor shortages during World War I (Reisler 17, 27). For example, from 1917 to 1919, the Pennsylvania Railroad Company transported Mexicans from a staging area in Fort Worth, Texas, to work on tracks in Pennsylvania and surrounding regions (Vargas 60-61). A few years later, corporate executives with the Bethlehem Steel Company, again in Pennsylvania, responded to their own labor needs by hiring Mexican workers mainly from Michoacán (Taylor 3). In cooperation with both national governments, the steel producer transported several hundred Mexicans from a staging point in San Antonio, Texas, beginning in April 1923 (3). These Pennsylvania enganches, or work contracts, are in many ways unremarkable, except for how both seem to have become intertwined as the sources for a key Mexican American corrido, El Corrido de Pensilvania (also known as El Pensilvanio or La Pensilvania), about a hopeful migration to Pennsylvania in search of a better life. Although its exact origin is unclear, this Texas-Mexican corrido was probably first recorded in 1929 by well-known San Antonio area musicians Pedro Rocha and Lupe Martinez. The tune and its variants have attracted academic interest from various scholars, including Américo Paredes, who in his study of border folksongs stresses that none of the corrido’s variants “have replaced ‘La Pensilvania’ in Texas-Mexican tradition as the song epitomizing Mexican migrant labor” (Texas-Mexican 26). However, its political and economic context has been most sharply brought to light by Dan Dickey, who has placed it within a larger study of early twentieth-century corridos de las pizcas, or corridos of the cotton harvest. The cotton harvest background remains crucial and indeed plays a role later in this essay, but my principle aim here is to move beyond a historical