Petroleum and Hazardous Material Releases from Industrial Facilities Associated with Hurricane Katrina
Petroleum and Hazardous Material Releases from Industrial Facilities Associated with Hurricane Katrina
复制标题
与卡特里娜飓风相关的工业设施的石油和危险物质释放
作者：
N. Santella;L. Steinberg;H. Sengul
卡特里娜飓风袭击了一个工业密集的地区，造成大量石油和危险物质泄漏。这项研究整合了来自多个来源的信息，描述了这些释放的频率、原因和影响，以便为未来飓风的风险分析提供信息。据报告，有200多起危险化学品、石油或天然气的陆上排放。风暴潮是造成大部分石油泄漏的原因，而储罐失效是最常见的泄漏机制。在报告的少量危险化学品释放中，许多与工厂启动、关闭或工艺混乱时的燃烧有关。在受风暴潮影响的地区，风险管理计划（RMP）和有毒物质释放清单（TRI）数据库中10%的设施以及SIC 1311设施中的28%经历了意外释放。在仅受飓风强度风影响的地区，较低比例（RMP和TRI的1%和SIC 1311设施的10%）经历了释放，而所有设施类型中有1%报告了经历热带风暴强度风的地区的释放。在接受调查的工业设施中，更多的人经历了间接中断，如工人流离失所，电力和通信系统的损失，以及难以获得运营或重建所需的供应和承包商（55%），而不是经历了释放。为了降低危险物质释放的风险，并在这些困难的条件下加快恢复正常运营，应更多地关注基于风险的设施设计，并改进预防和应对规划。
Hurricane Katrina struck an area dense with industry, causing numerous releases of petroleum and hazardous materials. This study integrates information from a number of sources to describe the frequency, causes, and effects of these releases in order to inform analysis of risk from future hurricanes. Over 200 onshore releases of hazardous chemicals, petroleum, or natural gas were reported. Storm surge was responsible for the majority of petroleum releases and failure of storage tanks was the most common mechanism of release. Of the smaller number of hazardous chemical releases reported, many were associated with flaring from plant startup, shutdown, or process upset. In areas impacted by storm surge, 10% of the facilities within the Risk Management Plan (RMP) and Toxic Release Inventory (TRI) databases and 28% of SIC 1311 facilities experienced accidental releases. In areas subject only to hurricane strength winds, a lower fraction (1% of RMP and TRI and 10% of SIC 1311 facilities) experienced a release while 1% of all facility types reported a release in areas that experienced tropical storm strength winds. Of industrial facilities surveyed, more experienced indirect disruptions such as displacement of workers, loss of electricity and communication systems, and difficulty acquiring supplies and contractors for operations or reconstruction (55%), than experienced releases. To reduce the risk of hazardous material releases and speed the return to normal operations under these difficult conditions, greater attention should be devoted to risk‐based facility design and improved prevention and response planning.