Sustainable development in small island developing states: Agricultural intensification, economic development, and freshwater resources management on the coral atoll of Tongatapu
Sustainable development in small island developing states: Agricultural intensification, economic development, and freshwater resources management on the coral atoll of Tongatapu
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小岛屿发展中国家的可持续发展：汤加塔布珊瑚环礁的农业集约化、经济发展和淡水资源管理
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发表时间：
2015
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通讯作者：
B. E. Clothierb
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
M. V. D. Veldea;S. R. Greenb;M. Vancloostera;B. E. Clothierb
文章历史： 收稿日期 2005 年 5 月 18 日 收到修订版 2006 年 3 月 22 日 接受 2006 年 3 月 27 日 在线发布 2006 年 5 月 9 日 小岛屿发展中国家 (SIDS) 由于其生物物理和社会经济意义上的面积较小而容易受到影响。他们越来越多地面临因利用脆弱的自然资源发展经济而造成的环境后果。我们在此说明小岛屿发展中国家在可持续经济发展方面所经历的困境。我们的重点是位于南太平洋的汤加王国的主岛汤加塔布岛。我们分析了农业集约化以及随之而来的对岛屿淡水资源的压力。我们结合环境和经济数据。汤加塔布岛（256 公里）是一个凸起的珊瑚环礁，淡水资源以透镜体的形式存在，漂浮在岛下密度较大的盐水之上。自 1987 年以来，汤加只向日本出口南瓜。过去10年，这些出口占出口总收入的40%以上，占农业出口GDP的60%至70%。出口的增长与农用化学品的进口和使用的突然增加相匹配。岛上的淡水透镜体正日益受到农业集约化的压力。在经济决策过程中，没有考虑环境影响。部分原因是本文强调了水资源管理的机构职责重叠和机构结构不透明。小岛屿发展中国家在初级生产方面所经历的环境后果强调，在评估国际贸易的收益时需要考虑自然资本。同时，污染也会对旅游潜力造成不可挽回的损失。必须通过教育工具改进农业实践，以确保农业出口带来的持续经济繁荣。小岛屿发展中国家的经济发展还应注重维持海外亲属关系、确保租金收入和区域合作发展努力。 © 2006 Elsevier B.V. 保留所有权利。
Article history: Received 18 May 2005 Received in revised form 22 March 2006 Accepted 27 March 2006 Available online 9 May 2006 Small island developing states (SIDS) are vulnerable due to their small size in both biophysical and socio-economic senses. They are increasingly confronted with the environmental consequences through utilisation of their fragile natural resources for economic development. Here we illustrate the dilemmas experienced by SIDS associated with sustainable economic development. Our focus is the main island of the Kingdom of Tonga, Tongatapu, located in the South Pacific Ocean. We analyse the intensification of agriculture and the attendant pressures on the islands freshwater resources. We combine environmental and economic data. Tongatapu (256 km) is a raised coral atoll and the freshwater resources exist as lenses that float on top of denser salt water underneath the island. Since 1987Tongahas exported squashpumpkin solely to Japan. Over the last 10 years, these exports have accounted for more then 40% of total export earnings, and represent 60% to 70% of GDP derived from agricultural export. This increase in exports is matched by an abrupt increase in the import and usage of agricultural chemicals. The island's freshwater lenses are increasingly under pressure from agricultural intensification. In the economic decision process, environmental impacts are not taken into account. This is partly because of overlapping institutional responsibilities of water management, and opaque institutional structures which are highlighted in the paper. The environmental consequences experienced by SIDS in terms of primary production stresses the need of taking natural capital into account when the benefits from international trade are evaluated. At the same time pollution will result in irrecoverable losses in terms of tourist potential. Improved agricultural practices have to be implemented through educational tools to ensure continuing economic prosperity derived from agricultural exports. Economic development of SIDS should also focus on the maintenance of kin relationships overseas, securing rent incomes and regional cooperative development efforts. © 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.