Psychological and Social Impacts of Halitosis: A Review
Psychological and Social Impacts of Halitosis: A Review
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口臭的心理和社会影响：综述
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发表时间：
2010
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
M. Omili
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
C. Azodo;N. Osazuwa;M. Omili
前言嗅觉是一种特殊的嗅觉，在动物的食物享受、选择、防御和性行为中起着重要作用，特别是在低等动物中。今天，人们普遍认为嗅觉与我们的记忆和基本情感密切相关。因此，人类嗅觉系统中对气味的感知对于社会联系的创造和保护非常重要，因为它们承载着文化价值（1）。嗅觉，嗅觉体验是亲密的，充满情感的，有助于将我们与世界联系起来（2）。因此，来自口腔呼吸气味的气味可以连接或断开一个人与他或她的社会环境和亲密关系（2）。这种解释是基于这样一个事实，即嗅觉通路输入到边缘系统的各个区域，如隔区，杏仁核和下丘脑;介导与气味相关的感觉的情感成分。在社会上，有不断的压力，看起来和闻起来很好;口臭是不可取的。口臭被定义为从口中发出的明显令人不快的气味，这是令人反感的（3）。它是社会上最古老、最麻烦的社会弊病之一，几千年来一直被记载在文学作品中。它是由几种口腔内和口腔外因素引起的，挥发性硫化合物是令人不快的气味的主要贡献者（4），尽管它的频率很高，但通常是不可接受的。口臭是一种常见和普遍的痛苦，许多人遭受的，无论年龄，性别，社会地位。超过一半的人口经历过它，但只有十分之一的成年人患有需要医疗帮助的严重程度（5）。口臭已成为公众的一个主要健康问题，因为它会导致大量的社会不和谐，尴尬，沮丧，绝望，并往往导致社会和职业孤立和婚姻问题（6）。众所周知，口臭对那些患有口臭的人的日常社交生活有破坏性的影响（7），因此获得了“社交生活破坏者”的称号。据估计，这是第三个最常见的原因寻求牙科援助，蛀牙和牙周病（8）。在西方社会，尴尬和不适是寻求专业护理的主要原因。由于社会迅速发展对那些口臭的负面影响，它可能是一个人生活中非常有影响力的因素。口臭可能是社会交往中的一个重要因素，因此不仅可能引起健康状况的担忧，而且还可能导致社会和个人孤立的心理变化（9）。口臭是一种具有健康和社会影响的疾病，使其成为跨越医学和心理问题的口腔科学领域。口臭的社会影响是如此多的研究的原因之一。此外，它的存在可能表明存在其他必须尽快诊断和治疗的病理。近年来，牙医和医生已经把更多的注意力转向口臭患者的问题，一些人已经做了口臭社会研究，以了解更多关于它如何影响人口。在过去的几年里，口臭的问题受到了相当大的关注。口腔异味诊所已在世界各地设立，而使用非处方产品来改善口腔异味已成为全球范围内的一项大生意。保持公众对口臭的不容忍，有时甚至到了偏执的地步，这关系到巨大的商业利益。2000年，美国人在漱口水产品上花费了超过7亿美元，在薄荷糖和其他口腔清新剂上花费了6.25亿美元。人们每年花费超过20亿美元购买产品来掩盖口臭（11），使其成为全球重要利润行业的来源。本研究的目的是全面描述真实性和妄想性口臭的心理和社会影响。…
Introduction Olfaction, which is the special sense of smell, has a role in the enjoyment and selection of food, defence and sexual behaviours especially in lower animal. Today it is widely recognised that the sense of smell is closely linked to our memory and basic emotions. Perception of odours in human olfactory system is thus important in the creation and conservation of social bonds, as they are loaded with cultural values (1). The olfactory, smelling experience is intimate, emotionally charged and helps to connects us with the world (2). The smell from mouth breath odour can consequently either connect or disconnect a person from his or her social environment and intimate relationships (2). The explanation is based on the fact that olfactory pathway input to various regions of limbic system such as the septal area, amygdala and hypothalamus; mediating the affective components of sensation associated with odours. In the society, there is constant pressure to look and smell good; halitosis is undesirable. Halitosis is defined as noticeable unpleasant odour that emanates from the mouth which is objectionable to others (3). It is one of society's oldest and most troublesome social maladies and has been recorded in literature for thousands of years. It is caused by several intra- and extra-oral factors with volatile sulphur compounds being the major contributor of the unpleasant odour (4) and despite its frequency, it is often unaccepted. Halitosis is a common and universal affliction suffered by many people irrespective of age, sex, social status. Over half of the population experience it but only one out of ten adults suffers from its severity that requires medical help (5). Halitosis has become a major health concern among the general public because it causes significant amount of social disharmony, embarrassment, frustration, despair and often leads toward social and professional isolation and marital problems (6). Bad breath is known to have a devastating effect on the daily social life of those who suffer from it (7) thus earning the title 'social life killer'. It is estimated to be the third most frequent reason for seeking dental aid, following tooth decay and periodontal disease (8). In western societies, embarrassment and discomfort are the main reasons for seeking professional care. Because society quickly develops a negative towards those with halitosis, it can be a very influential factor in a person's life. Halitosis may be an important factor in social communication hence the origin of concern not only to due a possible health condition, but also psychological alterations leading to social and personal isolation (9). Halitosis is a condition that has health and social implications rendering it an area of oral science that spans medical and psychological issues. The social impact of halitosis is one of the reasons for so much research. In addition, its presence can indicate the existence of other pathologies that must be diagnosed and treated as soon as possible. In recent years, dentists and doctors have turned more attention on the problems of halitosis sufferers, and a few have done halitosis social studies to find out more about how it affects the population. The subject of halitosis has received considerable attention over the past few years. Oral malodour clinics have been set up in different parts of the world, and the consumption of over-the-counter products to improve mouth odour has become a big business worldwide. There are enormous commercial interests at stake in keeping the public intolerant of bad breath, sometimes to the point of paranoia. In the year 2000, Americans spent over $700 million on mouthwash products and $625 million on breath mints and other mouth fresheners (10). People spend over 2 billion dollars per year buying products to mask halitosis (11) making it a source of an important profit industry worldwide. The objective of this research is to comprehensively describe the psychological and social impacts of genuine and delusional halitosis. …