Structural diversity in (vesicular)-arbuscular mycorrhizal symbioses.
Structural diversity in (vesicular)-arbuscular mycorrhizal symbioses.
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DOI：
10.1046/j.1469-8137.1997.00848.x
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发表时间：
1997-11
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
F. A. Smith;Sarah E. Smith
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
F. A. Smith;Sarah E. Smith
这篇综述描述了（囊泡）-arbuscutar（VA）菌根结构的多样性，即由球囊真菌形成的内生菌根。我们特别考虑了 Gallaud（1905）首次描述的两类在植物界的范围。这些是：（1）海芋型，根据根皮层菌丝生长的广泛细胞间期和细胞内菌丝分支上末端丛枝的发育而定义； (2)巴黎型，定义为缺乏细胞间期和存在广泛的细胞内菌丝卷。丛枝是线圈上的居间结构。然而，有许多报道称，巴黎型丛枝的数量相对较少、较小或根本不存在。一项文献调查表明，重楼型在植物界中比海芋型更常见，并且在蕨类植物、裸子植物和许多野生被子植物中占主导地位。作为大量实验工作对象的栽培草药大多是海芋属植物。尽管证据仍然有限，但家庭层面存在差异。 41个被子植物科中仅有Poris型VA菌根记录，30个科中仅有Arum型菌根记录。另外 21 个家庭拥有这两个类别或两者之间的中间类别的示例。据此，我们考虑原来的两类划分是否还有用。我们的结论是，当考虑共生的生理学，特别是不同的真菌/宿主界面是否在伙伴之间的无机养分和有机碳转移中具有特殊作用的问题时，如果菌丝卷曲和丛枝之间没有这种专门化，那么后者对于重楼型的功能可能不是必需的。这可以解释此类中很少或没有丛枝的报道。讨论了宿主和真菌基因组对结构的控制，以及 VA 菌根结构存在的可能原因（解剖学和生理学）。是否存在广泛的细胞间隙以及皮质细胞壁结构的差异对于确定形成哪种类型的 VA 菌根可能特别重要。目录摘要 373 I. 简介：海芋类型和 Pom 类型 374 II．可能的功能影响375 III。植物界两类的范围377 IV。类之间的区分有用吗？ 383 五、结构基础 383 六、结构基础真菌基因组 384 VII 的作用。生理学重温384 VIII。结论 385 致谢 386 参考文献 386。
This review describes diversity in the structure of (vesicular)-arbuscutar (VA) mycorrhizas, i.e. endomycorrhizas formed by Glomalean fungi. In particular, we consider the extent in the plant kingdom of the two classes first described by Gallaud (1905). These are: (1) the Arum-type, defined on the basis of an extensive intercellular phase of hyphai growth in the root cortex and development of terminal arbuscules on intracellular hyphai branches; (2) the Paris-type, defined by the absence of the intercellular phase and presence of extensive intracellular hyphai coils. Arbuscules are intercalary structures on the coils. However, there have been many reports that in Paris-types arbuscules are relatively few in numbers, small, or absent altogether. A survey of the literature has revealed that Paris-types occur more frequently in the plant kingdom than Arum-types and predominate in ferns, gymnosperms and many wild angiosperms. The cultivated herbs that are the subject of much experimental work are mostly Arum-types. Although evidence is still limited, there are differences at the family level. In 41 angiosperm families there are records of only Poris-type VA mycorrhizas and in 30 families records of only Arum-types. Another 21 families have examples of both classes, or intermediates between them. Accordingly, we consider whether the original division into two classes is still useful. We conclude that it is when considering the physiology of the symbiosis and especially the issue of whether different fungus/host interfaces have specialized roles in transfer of inorganic nutrients and organic carbon between the partners, if there is no such specialization between hyphai coils and arbuscules, then the latter might not be necessary1 for the function of Paris-types. This would account for reports of the infrequency or absence of arbuscules in this class. The control exerted on structures by the genomes of host and fungus, and possible reasons (anatomical and physiological) for the existence of the VA mycorrhizal structures, are discussed. The presence or absence of extensive intercellular spaces and differences in the wall structure of cortical cells might be particularly important in determining which type of VA mycorrhiza is formed. CONTENTS Summary 373 I. Introduction: Arum-types and Pom-types 374 II. Possible functional implications 375 III. Extent of the two classes in the plant kingdom 377 IV. Is the distinction between classes useful? 383 V. The structural basis 383 VI. The role of the fungal genome 384 VII. Physiology revisited 384 VIII. Conclusions 385 Acknowledgements 386 References 386.