Development of an immune system.
Development of an immune system.
复制标题
免疫系统的发育。
DOI：
10.1111/j.1749-6632.1994.tb33557.x
复制
发表时间：
1994
影响因子：
5.2
通讯作者：
Schluter,SF
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Marchalonis,JJ;Schluter,SF
最低限度来说，免疫应答是一种诱导的细胞和/或体液防御机制，专门针对攻击因子。该系统是一个认知系统，因为具有相同抗原的第二种刺激可以特异性地诱导反应增强（记忆）或反应减弱（耐受性）。在高等脊椎动物中，负责初始抗原特异性识别的细胞是克隆限制性T淋巴细胞和B淋巴细胞。辅助细胞是处理和呈递抗原所必需的，而生理介质（细胞因子）是系统增殖、相互作用和调节所必需的。虽然现在看来，预期免疫反应所必需的重组机制发生在脊椎动物的后口流中，但细胞粘附和调节所需的分子在系统发育中广泛传播。它们的出现一定早于祖先原口动物和后口动物的分化。哺乳动物抗体轻链和重链多样性产生的遗传机制，在原始脊椎动物，特别是无鳃动物中，可能是非常不同的，它们的祖先在4亿多年前就与哺乳动物分道扬镳了。尽管如此，淋巴细胞抗原受体的克隆选择在脊椎动物中很可能是普遍存在的。没有必要强迫原口动物（如昆虫）或低等后口动物（如棘皮动物）的诱导识别进入哺乳动物的免疫模型。
Minimally, an immune response is an induced cellular and/or humoral defense mechanism specific for the challenging agent. The system is a cognitive one inasmuch as a second stimulus with the same antigen can specifically induce either an enhanced response (memory) or diminished response (tolerance). The cells responsible for the initial antigen-specific recognition in higher vertebrates are clonally restricted T and B lymphocytes. Accessory cells are necessary for the processing and presentation of antigen, and physiologic mediators (cytokines) are essential for proliferation, interaction, and regulation of the system. Although it now appears that the recombination mechanisms essential for the anticipatory immune response occurred late in the deuterostome stream leading to vertebrates, molecules required for cell adhesion and regulation are widely spread in phylogeny. Their emergence must have preceded the divergence between ancestral protostomes and deuterostomes. Genetic mechanisms underlying the generation of diversity in the light and heavy chains of antibodies of mammals may be quite distinct in primitive vertebrates, particularly elasmobranchs, the ancestors of which diverged from those of mammals more than 400 million years ago. Despite this, clonal selection of antigen receptors of lymphocytes is most probably universal within the vertebrates. There is no need to force induced recognition in protostomes (eg insects) or lower deuterostomes (eg echinoderms) into mammalian models of immunity.