Processes and Factors of Village Desertion: A Case Study of Ogose and Ohmi in the Vicinity of Kyoto
Processes and Factors of Village Desertion: A Case Study of Ogose and Ohmi in the Vicinity of Kyoto
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村庄荒漠的过程和因素：以京都近郊越生和近江为例
DOI：
10.4200/jjhg1948.27.579
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发表时间：
1975
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Keiji Sakaguchi
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Keiji Sakaguchi
本文从微观地理学的角度，对位于京都市北部20 km处的山区小越濑和大见村的村庄废弃过程模式进行了比较研究。从明治初年起的世纪多的时间里，每个村庄的家庭数量发生了变化。这两个村庄位于京都市的北方，丹波高原的东部边缘，地形上是一个平原，现在已经废弃，完全消失了。从这里流出的阿多河流入日本最大的湖泊--琵琶湖。在京都盆地和这些村庄之间有一系列的山口。海拔610米，他们是坦巴高地所有山村中最高的一个。全年平均气温为0.2°C。1月和25.8°C。在8月，这些定居点的温度要低7°C。比京都盆地还要大。至于交通，只有两条狭窄的机动车道路通往京都的中心，都在一个非常糟糕的条件。到最近的公交车站需要两三个小时的长途跋涉。1885年，这两个村庄各有15户人家，二战后，奥戈塞有7户，近江有19户。然而，从1969年的小越和1971年的近江开始了一系列的全户型的村庄遗弃，并一直持续到1972年小越和近江最终达到完全遗弃和灭绝的状态。在此之前的户数差异只是反映了外来人口流入和分支家庭的差异;从1885年以前一直存在到遗弃之日的家庭在1965年在小越有5户，在近江有6户。遗弃定居点的过程可以分为三个阶段：明治、大正和昭和时期。(1)明治时期：大江濑有6户，近江有11户，其中一半人搬到了京都。离开家乡的村民社会地位最低，不得不称自己为“辍学生”。当时大城市的“吸纳力”还不够大。相比于近江，越越关因为距离城市较远，所以相对稳定。可以说，他们在经济上通过木炭贸易受制于京都，而在文化上仍受江户时代以来湖区悠久而根深蒂固的传统的影响;在商业和文化上，奥戈塞作为一个中转地而繁荣起来。在明治末期，出现了一种新的交通工具，即沿着阿多河的分支沿着的木筏运送木炭，这使他们卷入了大京都文化区;小越关被降到了一个不重要的位置，位于京都大文化和经济圈的最边缘。(2)大正时期：每个村庄有6户（共12户）离开，其中9户迁入京都。这一群体包括少数可以被称为上层村民积极跳槽型的逃兵，但大多数是破产型的逃兵。这种现象与京都的文化和经济扩张有关，其城市化的影响也影响到了这些山村。(3)昭和时期（至1965年）：日本社会和经济动荡对这些哈姆雷特的影响很大，京都的“吸收力”在一段时间内似乎停止了，变得不那么大了。对木炭和木材的巨大需求阻止了村庄人口外流的趋势。
This is a comparative study, from a micro-geographical viewpoint, on the village desertion process pattern in the case of two small hamlets-Ogose and Ohmi-in the mountainous tracts of Kyoto City (commonly called the Kitayama district), only 20km north of the center of the city. The examination has been made chiefly in terms of the change in the number of the households in each village that has taken place during the period of more than a century since the early years of the Meiji era.The two hamlets, now deserted and completely extinct, were located in the northern part of Kyoto City, on the eastern edge of the Tamba highland, topographycally a pene-plain, from which the Ado River rises and flows down into the Lake Biwa, the lagest in Japan. A chain of passes lie between the Kyoto basin and these villages.Ogose was situated at the altitude of 660m. above sea level and Ohmi 610m., they were among the highest of all the mountain villages in the Tamba highland. The average temperature is 0.2°C. in January and 25.8°C. in August, those settlements are colder by 7°C. than the Kyoto basin. As to the transportation, there are only two narrow motorable roads leading to the center of Kyoto, both in an extremely bad condition. It is a two or three hours' trudge to the nearest bus-stop.In 1885 the two villages had 15 households each, and after World War II there existed 7 in Ogose and 19 in Ohmi. However, a series of village desertion of the whole household type began in Ogose in 1969 and in Ohmi in 1971, and continued, until the former finally reached a state of complete desertion and extinction in 1972 and the latter in 1973.The difference in the number of households prior to this incident simply reflects the difference of population inflow from outside and branch families; in 1965 the household that had continued to exist ever since the time preceding 1885 untill the day of desertion was 5 in Ogose and 6 in Ohmi.The processes of desertion of settlement can be divided into three stages: the Meiji, the Taisho, and the Showa periods.(1) The Meiji period: 6 households in Ogose and 11 in Ohmi deserted their villages and half of them moved into Kyoto. The social status of the villagers who left their home was the lowest and they had to call themselves “drop-outs”. The ‘absorption power’ of the big city in those days was not yet great enough. Compared to Ohmi, Ogose remained more stable, as it was located further away from the city. It can be said that they were economically subject to Kyoto through charcoal business, whereas culturally they were still under the influence of the lake district with its long, deep-rooted tradition from the Edo period; Ogose rather thrived as a transit place, commercially and culturally.At the close of the Meiji there emerged a new transportation means of raft along a branch of the Ado River to carry out charcoal, which had made them involved in the big Kyoto culture area; Ogose was reduced to an unimportant position placed at the furthest edge of the great cultural and economic sphere of Kyoto.(2) The Taisho period: 6 households deserted each village (totaling 12), and 9 out of those moved into Kyoto. The group included a small number of what may be called positive job change type of desertion by the upper class villagers, but the majority were of the bankrupt type of desertion. This penomenon relates to the cultural and economic expansion of Kyoto, and its urbanizational effects were also felt upon those mountain villages.(3) The Showa period (up to 1965): the impact of Japan's social and economic disturbances was great to those hamlet and the ‘absorption power’ of Kyoto for some time seemed to cease and become less great. An epoch-making huge demand for charcoal and timber checked the trend of the outflowing of village populations.