Parabens in 24 h urine samples of the German Environmental Specimen Bank from 1995 to 2012
Parabens in 24 h urine samples of the German Environmental Specimen Bank from 1995 to 2012
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DOI：
10.1016/j.ijheh.2015.07.005
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发表时间：
2015-10-01
影响因子：
6
通讯作者：
Kolossa-Gehring, Marike
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Moos, Rebecca K.;Koch, Holger M.;Kolossa-Gehring, Marike
对羟基苯甲酸酯被广泛用作个人护理和消费品、食品和药品的抗菌防腐剂。由于它们无处不在，人类经常接触到这些化学物质。我们评估了1995年至2012年德国人群中9种对羟基苯甲酸酯（甲基、乙基、n-和异丙基、n-和异丁基、苄基、戊基和庚基对羟基苯甲酸酯）的暴露情况，基于来自德国环境标本银行（ESB）的660份24小时尿液样本，使用在线HPLC耦合同位素稀释串联质谱法。所有对羟基苯甲酸酯的定量限为0.5 μ g/L。我们在79-99%的样品中检测到对羟基苯甲酸甲酯、乙基和正丙基，其次是对羟基苯甲酸正丁酯，占40%的样品。我们在24%、4%和1.4%的样品中分别检测到异丁基、异丙基和对羟基苯甲酸苄酯。对羟基苯甲酸甲酯尿液浓度最高（中位数39.8 μ g/L，第95百分位为319 μ g/L），其次是对羟基苯甲酸正丙酯（4.8 μ g/L，第95百分位为74.0 μ g/L）和对羟基苯甲酸乙酯（2.1 μ g/L，第95百分位为39.1 μ g/L）。除对羟基苯甲酸苄酯外，女性尿液中所有对羟基苯甲酸酯的含量都明显高于男性。ESB的样本显示，在近20年的调查期间，尿液中的对羟基苯甲酸酯水平惊人地保持不变；只有对羟基苯甲酸甲酯在男性和女性中都有显著增加。我们发现对羟基苯甲酸甲酯和对羟基苯甲酸正丙基之间以及对羟基苯甲酸正丁基和异丁基之间存在很强的相关性。这些结果表明，对羟基苯甲酸酯是联合使用的，并且是由共同的暴露源引起的。需要尿液排泄因子来从个体尿液浓度推断出实际剂量。(C) 2015 Elsevier GmbH版权所有。
Parabens are widely used as antimicrobial preservatives in personal care and consumer products, food and pharmaceuticals. Due to their ubiquity, humans are constantly exposed to these chemicals. We assessed exposure to nine parabens (methyl-, ethyl-, n- and iso-propyl-, n- and iso-butyl-, benzyl-, pentyl- and heptyl paraben) in the German population from 1995 to 2012 based on 660 24 h urine samples from the German Environmental Specimen Bank (ESB) using on-line HPLC coupled to isotope dilution tandem mass spectrometry. The limit of quantification (LOQ) was 0.5 mu g/L for all parabens. We detected methyl-, ethyl- and n-propyl paraben in 79-99% of samples, followed by n-butyl paraben in 40% of samples. We infrequently detected iso-butyl-, iso-propyl- and benzyl paraben in 24%, 4% and 1.4% of samples, respectively. Urinary concentrations were highest for methyl paraben (median 39.8 mu g/L; 95th percentile 319 mu g/L) followed by n-propyl paraben (4.8 mu g/L; 95th percentile 74.0 mu g/L) and ethyl paraben (2.1 mu g/L; 95th percentile 39.1 mu g/L). Women had significantly higher urinary levels for all parabens than men, except for benzyl paraben. Samples from the ESB revealed that over the investigation period of nearly 20 years urinary paraben levels remained surprisingly constant; only methyl paraben had a significant increase, for both men and women. We found strong correlations between methyl- and n-propyl paraben and between n- and iso-butyl paraben. These results indicate that parabens are used in combination and arise from common sources of exposure. Urinary excretion factors are needed to extrapolate from individual urinary concentrations to actual doses. (C) 2015 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.