Modelling the daily food requirements of wintering great cormorants: a bioenergetics tool for wildlife management
Modelling the daily food requirements of wintering great cormorants: a bioenergetics tool for wildlife management
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DOI：
10.1046/j.1365-2664.2003.00806.x
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发表时间：
2003-04-01
影响因子：
5.7
通讯作者：
Wanless, S
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Gremillet, D;Wright, G;Wanless, S
1.大獾Phalacrocorax Caro，Linneeus是一种大型食鱼鸟类，分布于亚洲、澳大利亚、非洲、欧洲和北美。在过去的15年里，它们的欧洲繁殖种群以每年至少15%的速度增长，在20世纪90年代末达到了大约20万对。有人担心，这种增加正在对整个欧洲的淡水鱼种群造成不利影响，但真正的评估需要详细了解鳕鱼的食物需求。在繁殖季节，人们已经测量了大型鹈鹕的每日摄食量(DFI)，但对这些绝缘能力较差的鸟类在冬季经历持续低温的DFI知之甚少。DFI可能会根据非生物和生物条件的不同而变化很大，这使得对影响的预测变得特别困难。我们使用通过无线电跟踪自由活动的个体记录的行为数据，从圈养鸟类获得的新陈代谢测量数据，以及公布的数据，为在苏格兰莱文湖过冬的大型鹦鹉建立了DFI模型。DFI估计为672g·d(-1)(预测最大范围为441~1095g·d(-1))，与温带条件下繁殖的大隼和其他水鸟的DFI值相似。在冬季，莱文湖的大隼减少了它们的平均潜水时间，提高了潜水效率(在水下度过的时间比例更高)。尽管如此，他们每天在水中花费130分钟(-1)，并将超过三分之一的每日能量预算分配给潜水。综合与应用：考虑到需要合理地管理鹈鹕种群，我们提出了一个基于简单行为和饮食输入的通用生物能量模型，该模型计算了一系列环境条件和栖息地在繁殖季节以外的DFI估计值。该模型的交互式计算机程序(http://www.cepe.c-strasbourg.fr))可帮助科学家和管理人员估计当地的平均、最小和最大DFI值。
1. Great cormorants Phalacrocorax carbo, Linnaeus are large piscivorous birds which occur in Asia, Australia, Africa, Europe and North America. Their European breeding population has increased by at least 15% per annum over the last 15 years, reaching a total of c. 200 000 pairs in the late 1990s. There are concerns that this increase is adversely affecting freshwater fish populations throughout Europe, but real assessment requires a detailed knowledge of cormorant food requirements.2. The daily food intake (DFI) of great cormorants has been measured during the breeding season, but little is known about DFI in winter when these poorly insulated birds experience consistently low temperatures. DFI is likely to vary widely according to abiotic and biotic conditions, making predictions about impact particularly difficult.3. We modelled DFI for great cormorants wintering at Loch Leven, Scotland, using behavioural data recorded via radio-tracking of free-ranging individuals, metabolic measurements obtained from captive birds, and published data. DFI was estimated to be 672 g day(-1) (predicted maximum range 441-1095 g day(-1)), values similar to DFI of great cormorants breeding under temperate conditions and of other aquatic bird species.4. During winter great cormorants at Loch Leven decreased their average dive time and increased dive efficiency (higher proportion of time spent underwater). They nonetheless spent 130 min day(-1) in the water and allocated more than a third of their daily energy budget to diving.5. Synthesis and applications: In view of the need for the sound management of cormorant populations, we present a general bioenergetics model, based on simple behavioural and dietary inputs, that computes an estimate of DFI outside the breeding season for a range environmental conditions and habitats. An interactive computer programme for this model is available (http://www.cepe.c-strasbourg.fr) to help scientists and managers estimate local values for average, minimum and maximum DFI.