Effects of short-term nicotine deprivation on decision-making: Delay, uncertainty and effort discounting
Effects of short-term nicotine deprivation on decision-making: Delay, uncertainty and effort discounting
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DOI：
10.1080/14622200412331296002
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发表时间：
2004-10-01
影响因子：
4.7
通讯作者：
Mitchell, SH
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Mitchell, SH
实验证据表明，当阿片类药物依赖者被剥夺海洛因时，他们更有可能在计算机任务中表现出冲动。目前的研究调查了尼古丁剥夺是否对吸烟者有类似的影响，导致冲动决策的增加。同时，还评估了剥夺对其他几项相关决策任务的影响。11名吸烟者（大于或等于15支烟/天）参加了两个实验阶段。有一次，他们像往常一样抽烟，直到会议开始。另一方面，参与者在24小时内不吸烟。通过呼气一氧化碳和尿可替宁水平验证禁欲。在每一次会议期间，他们完成了计算机任务，通过测量选择小的倾向来评估冲动性，立即奖励（香烟或金钱）超过10美元后延迟，以及吸烟者在小的，确定的，容易获得的奖励和10美元之间选择的任务，其可用性不确定或需要高水平的努力才能获得。延迟增加了对即时香烟的偏好，但没有改变对即时金钱的偏好。这些研究结果表明，短期尼古丁戒断确实会增加冲动决策，但只有当冲动选择与药物有关时。这种增加与直接奖励本身价值的普遍增加或对延迟奖励的厌恶的普遍增加无关。在其他任务中的决策遵循类似的模式：延迟增加了对香烟替代品的偏好，但没有改变非药物奖励的决策过程。
Experimental evidence suggests that when opioid-dependent drug users are deprived of heroin, they become more likely to behave impulsively on a computer task. The current study examined whether nicotine deprivation has similar effects in cigarette smokers, causing an increase in impulsive decision-making. Simultaneously, the impact of deprivation on several other related decision-making tasks was assessed. Eleven smokers ( greater than or equal to15 cigarettes/day) participated in two experimental sessions. For one session, they smoked as usual until the session began. For the other, participants did not smoke for 24hr. Abstinence was verified using levels of breath carbon monoxide and urinary cotinine. During each session, they completed computer tasks that assessed impulsivity by measuring the tendency to choose small, immediate rewards (cigarettes or money) over US$10 available following a delay, as well as tasks in which smokers chose between small, certain, easily obtained rewards and US$10 whose availability was uncertain or required high levels of effort to obtain. Deprivation increased preference for immediate cigarettes over delayed money, but did not alter preference for immediate money over delayed money. These findings indicate that short-term nicotine abstinence does increase impulsive decision-making, but only when the impulsive choice is drug-related. Increases were not related to a general increase in the value of immediate rewards per se or a general increase in aversion to delayed rewards. Decision-making in the other tasks followed a similar pattern: Deprivation increased preference for the cigarette alternative but did not alter the decision-making processes for nondrug rewards.