Carbon Footprinting of Cities and Implications for Analysis of Urban Material and Energy Flows
Carbon Footprinting of Cities and Implications for Analysis of Urban Material and Energy Flows
复制标题
DOI：
10.1111/j.1530-9290.2012.00569.x
复制
发表时间：
2012-12
影响因子：
5.9
通讯作者：
A. Ramaswami;A. Chávez;M. Chertow
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
A. Ramaswami;A. Chávez;M. Chertow
整合温室气体核算和MFA社区的经验对于提高我们对城市可持续性的理解至关重要。用马粪和煤灰。在欧洲，从20世纪初开始讨论向城市供应材料的问题，并从环境影响的新视角（在中断之后）持续到20世纪后期，导致了经济范围内物质流分析（MFA）方法的发展及其在城市中的应用（Barles 2010）。目前许多关于城市新陈代谢的研究都使用这种方法，可以跟踪材料投入、库存变化、货物出口以及废物和污染的排放；支持这些流程的间接材料需求也可以计算出来。虽然MFA方法也利用能量分析，并被认为很容易适应于包括能量，但在实践中，在包括具体能量成分方面存在很大差异。在21世纪初，对气候变化的关注促使美国几个城市采用了《美国市长气候保护协议》1，并且城市开始以自下而上的方式实施社区范围的城市能源研究，用于温室气体（GHG）核算（Bailey 2007） 2欧洲联盟（EU）的市长们在2011年通过了类似的公约。通过ICLEI等组织，这种城市规模的温室气体核算工作在世界范围内传播，包括发展中国家的城市。在早期，城市采取边界限制的观点，跟踪整个社区对电力、天然气和天然气的使用
Integrating learning from the GHG accounting and MFA communities is essential to advance our understanding of urban sustainability. with horse manure and coal ash. In Europe, concerns about supplying materials to cities were discussed in the early 1900s, and continued (after a hiatus) into the late twentieth century from a new perspective of environmental impact, leading to the development of methods for economy-wide material flow analysis (MFA) and their application to cities (Barles 2010). This method, used in many current studies of urban metabolism, allows for tracking of material inputs, changes in stock, export of goods, and release of waste and pollution; indirect material requirements to support these flows can also be computed. While the MFA methodology also draws on energy analysis and is considered to be readily adaptable to include energy, in practice there is wide variation in the inclusion of embodied energy components. At the start of the 21st century, concerns about climate change prompted several U.S. cities to adopt the U.S. Mayor’s Climate Protection Agreement,1 and cities began implementing community-wide urban energy studies in a bottom-up manner for greenhouse gas (GHG) accounting (Bailey 2007).2 Mayors in the European Union (EU) adopted similar covenants by 2011.3 Through organizations such as ICLEI,4 such city-scale GHG accounting efforts spread worldwide, including to cities in the developing world. In the early years, cities took a boundary-limited view, tracking community-wide use of electricity, natural gas, and