Electrical Current Generation across a Black Smoker Chimney
Electrical Current Generation across a Black Smoker Chimney
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DOI：
10.1002/anie.201003311
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发表时间：
2010-01-01
影响因子：
16.6
通讯作者：
Hashimoto, Kazuhito
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Nakamura, Ryuhei;Takashima, Toshihiro;Hashimoto, Kazuhito
在与太阳辐射隔绝的环境中，各种微生物种群和生态系统由地球内部提供的化学能维持。[1]最突出的例子是深海热液喷口，它在岩浆脱气和与热岩的热液反应过程中以还原硫化合物、H2、CH 4和还原金属的形式释放出大量还原能量。[2，3]热液喷口烟囱是由热的还原热液流体和冷的含氧海水之间的混合区的矿化作用产生的，为化能无机营养微生物群落提供了理想的栖息地。[3-5]由于烟囱结构作为地球还原性内部和氧化性外部之间的界面，持续的微生物氧化还原代谢是非常可行的。同时，由烟囱结构介导的能量潜力导致了许多关于生物前海洋化学演化以及古地球能量代谢和细胞功能早期演化的假设。黑烟囱是一种富含硫化物的热液喷口，其排放物沉淀形成硫化物矿物烟囱，主要由黄铜矿（CuFeS 2）和黄铁矿（FeS 2）组成。黑烟囱的矿物学和结构特征已经被广泛研究;[10-17]然而，黑烟囱的导电性和电催化性从未被研究过。虽然CuFeS 2和FeS 2的块状晶体通常被认为是不良导体，但预测由纳米和微米尺寸的晶体颗粒组成的烟囱结构将具有相当的导电性。
In environments isolated from solar radiation, diverse microbial populations and ecosystems are sustained by the chemical energy supplied from Earth s interior.[1] The most outstanding example is a deep-sea hydrothermal vent, which discharges enormous amounts of reductive energy in the form of reduced sulfur compounds, H2, CH4, and reduced metals during magma degassing and hydrothermal reactions with hot rocks.[2, 3] Hydrothermal vent chimneys are generated by mineralization in the mixing zone between hot, reduced hydrothermal fluid and cold, oxygenated seawater and provide an ideal habitat for chemolithotrophic microbial communities.[3–5] As the chimney structures serve as an interface between the Earth s reductive interior and oxidative exterior, sustained microbial redox metabolism is very feasible. Simultaneously, the energy potential mediated by the chimney structure leads to many hypotheses concerning chemical evolution in the prebiotic ocean and the early evolution of energy metabolisms and cellular functions in the ancient Earth.[6–15]Black smokers are a type of hydrothermal vent with sulfide-rich emissions that precipitate to form sulfide mineral chimneys consisting mainly of chalcopyrite (CuFeS2) and pyrite (FeS2). The mineralogical and structural characteristics of black smoker chimneys have been extensively studied;[10–17] however, electrical conduction and electrocatalysis of black smoker chimneys have never been examined. Although bulk crystals of CuFeS2 and FeS2 are typically considered poor conductors, it is predicted that a chimney structure composed of nano-and microsized crystalline particles would have quite