Probing rapid network reorganization of motor and language functions via neuromodulation and neuroimaging
Probing rapid network reorganization of motor and language functions via neuromodulation and neuroimaging
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DOI：
10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.117449
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发表时间：
2021-01-01
期刊：
影响因子：
5.7
通讯作者：
Volz, Lukas J.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Hartwigsen, Gesa;Volz, Lukas J.
运动和认知功能被组织在人脑中的大规模网络中，这些网络相互作用，使信息交换能够灵活地适应不断变化的环境条件。在这篇综述中，我们讨论了重复经颅磁刺激（rTMS）和功能性神经影像连续组合在探测健康和受损大脑中的网络组织和重组方面的独特潜力。首先，我们总结了强调健康大脑运动和认知网络的灵活（重新）分布和短期重组的研究结果。 rTMS 的塑性后效应导致网络水平发生大规模变化，影响受刺激网络内的本地和远程活动以及受刺激网络和不同功能网络之间的相互作用。虽然针对脑损伤患者的 rTMS-fMRI 联合研究数量仍然很少，但初步证据表明，与健康大脑在 rTMS 后观察到的短期重组相比，受损大脑灵活地（重新）分配其计算能力，以功能性重组受损的大脑功能，使用一组类似的机制来实现自适应网络可塑性。一般来说，健康大脑的短期重组和中风引起的重组似乎都依赖于自适应网络可塑性的三种一般机制，这些机制可以维持和恢复功能：i）半球间变化，包括对侧半球同源区域的贡献增加和半球间连接性增加，ii）差异化专业网络之间的相互作用增加，以及iii）后域通用网络的贡献增加 破坏更具体的功能。这些机制可能允许运动和认知功能背后的大规模神经网络的计算灵活性。未来的研究应该使用补充方法来解决自适应网络可塑性的功能相关性，并进一步描述这些通用机制如何相互作用以实现网络灵活性。除了进一步加深我们对大脑网络相互作用的神经生理学见解外，确定支持和增强适应性网络可塑性的方法可能会产生临床相关的诊断和治疗方法。
Motor and cognitive functions are organized in large-scale networks in the human brain that interact to enable flexible adaptation of information exchange to ever-changing environmental conditions. In this review, we discuss the unique potential of the consecutive combination of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) and functional neuroimaging to probe network organization and reorganization in the healthy and lesioned brain. First, we summarize findings highlighting the flexible (re-)distribution and short-term reorganization in motor and cognitive networks in the healthy brain. Plastic after-effects of rTMS result in large-scale changes on the network level affecting both local and remote activity within the stimulated network as well as interactions between the stimulated and distinct functional networks. While the number of combined rTMS-fMRI studies in patients with brain lesions remains scarce, preliminary evidence suggests that the lesioned brain flexibly (re-)distributes its computational capacities to functionally reorganize impaired brain functions, using a similar set of mechanisms to achieve adaptive network plasticity compared to short-term reorganization observed in the healthy brain after rTMS. In general, both short-term reorganization in the healthy brain and stroke-induced reorganization seem to rely on three general mechanisms of adaptive network plasticity that allow to maintain and recover function: i) interhemispheric changes, including increased contribution of homologous regions in the contralateral hemisphere and increased interhemispheric connectivity, ii) increased interactions between differentially specialized networks and iii) increased contributions of domain-general networks after disruption of more specific functions. These mechanisms may allow for computational flexibility of large-scale neural networks underlying motor and cognitive functions. Future studies should use complementary approaches to address the functional relevance of adaptive network plasticity and further delineate how these general mechanisms interact to enable network flexibility. Besides furthering our neurophysiological insights into brain network interactions, identifying approaches to support and enhance adaptive network plasticity may result in clinically relevant diagnostic and treatment approaches.