Feeding the immune system
Feeding the immune system
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DOI：
10.1017/s0029665113001286
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发表时间：
2013-08-01
影响因子：
7
通讯作者：
Calder, Philip C.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Calder, Philip C.
一个功能良好的免疫系统是提供对病原生物的良好防御，以及提供对非威胁性生物、食物成分和自身的耐受性的关键。免疫系统的工作原理是提供排斥屏障，识别和消除病原体，识别和耐受无威胁的抗原来源，以及保持免疫遭遇的记忆。免疫系统很复杂，涉及分布在全身的许多不同类型的细胞和许多不同的化学介质，其中一些直接参与防御，而另一些则起调节作用。婴儿出生时免疫系统不成熟，在生命的头几年就完全发育了。免疫能力会随着年龄的增长而下降。发生在生命早期和晚期的次优免疫能力增加了对感染的易感性。营养不良会降低免疫防御能力，使人更容易受到感染。然而，对感染的免疫反应本身会损害营养状况并改变身体成分。几乎所有形式的免疫都受到蛋白质能量营养不良的影响，但非特异性防御和细胞介导的免疫受到的影响最为严重。微量营养素缺乏损害免疫功能。这里讨论的是维生素A、D和E，以及锌、铁和硒。肠道相关淋巴组织对健康和福祉尤其重要，因为它与胃肠道中大量多样的生物体非常接近，并暴露于食物成分中。某些益生菌可以改变肠道微生物群，增强实验动物的免疫功能，也可以在人体中这样做。
A well-functioning immune system is key to providing good defence against pathogenic organisms and to providing tolerance to non-threatening organisms, to food components and to self. The immune system works by providing an exclusion barrier, by identifying and eliminating pathogens and by identifying and tolerating non-threatening sources of antigens, and by maintaining a memory of immunological encounters. The immune system is complex involving many different cell types distributed throughout the body and many different chemical mediators some of which are involved directly in defence while others have a regulatory role. Babies are born with an immature immune system that fully develops in the first few years of life. Immune competence can decline with ageing. The sub-optimal immune competence that occurs early and late in life increases susceptibility to infection. Undernutrition decreases immune defences, making an individual more susceptible to infection. However, the immune response to an infection can itself impair nutritional status and alter body composition. Practically all forms of immunity are affected by protein-energy malnutrition, but non-specific defences and cell-mediated immunity are most severely affected. Micronutrient deficiencies impair immune function. Here, vitamins A, D and E, and Zn, Fe and Se are discussed. The gut-associated lymphoid tissue is especially important in health and well-being because of its close proximity to a large and diverse population of organisms in the gastrointestinal tract and its exposure to food constituents. Certain probiotic bacteria which modify the gut microbiota enhance immune function in laboratory animals and may do so in human subjects.