N-acetylglutamate synthase: structure, function and defects.

N-acetylglutamate synthase: structure, function and defects.
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DOI:
10.1016/j.ymgme.2010.02.018
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发表时间:
2010
影响因子:
3.8
通讯作者:
Tuchman, Mendel
Tuchman, Mendel
中科院分区:
生物学2区
文献类型:
--
作者:
Caldovic, Ljubica;Mew, Nicholas Ah;Shi, Dashuang;Morizono, Hiroki;Yudkoff, Marc;Tuchman, Mendel

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N-乙酰谷氨酸(NAG)是一种独特的酶辅因子,在哺乳动物肝脏尿素生成中起重要作用,同时也是微生物和植物精氨酸从头合成的第一个底物。从谷氨酸和CoA产生NAG的酶,NAG合酶(NAGS),在微生物和植物中被精氨酸抑制,在哺乳动物中被激活。这种变构效应的转变发生在四足动物从海洋移到陆地的时候。第一个哺乳动物NAGS基因(来自小鼠)于2002年被克隆,并揭示了与微生物中NAGS直系同源物的显着差异。几乎所有的NAGS基因都具有C-末端转移酶结构域和N-末端激酶结构域,其中C-末端转移酶结构域具有催化活性,N-末端激酶结构域具有精氨酸结合。NAGS的三维结构显示两个明显折叠的结构域。激酶结构域结合精氨酸,而乙酰转移酶结构域含有催化位点。人类NAGS缺乏导致高氨血症,并且可以是原发性的,由于NAGS基因突变或继发性的,由于干扰相同酶的正常功能的其他线粒体畸变。对于任何一种情况,N-氨甲酰谷氨酸(NCG),一个稳定的功能类似物的NAG,被发现可以恢复或改善不足的尿素循环功能。
N-acetylglutamate (NAG) is a unique enzyme cofactor, essential for liver ureagenesis in mammals while it is the first committed substrate for de novo arginine biosynthesis in microorganisms and plants. The enzyme that produces NAG from glutamate and CoA, NAG synthase (NAGS), is allosterically inhibited by arginine in microorganisms and plants and activated in mammals. This transition of the allosteric effect occurred when tetrapods moved from sea to land. The first mammalian NAGS gene (from mouse) was cloned in 2002 and revealed significant differences from the NAGS ortholog in microorganisms. Almost all NAGS genes possess a C-terminus transferase domain in which the catalytic activity resides and an N-terminus kinase domain where arginine binds. The three-dimensional structure of NAGS shows two distinctly folded domains. The kinase domain binds arginine while the acetyltransferase domain contains the catalytic site. NAGS deficiency in humans leads to hyperammonemia and can be primary, due to mutations in the NAGS gene or secondary due to other mitochondrial aberrations that interfere with the normal function of the same enzyme. For either condition, N-carbamylglutamate (NCG), a stable functional analog of NAG, was found to either restore or improve the deficient urea cycle function.
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