Seven years in the life of Hypergiants' off-nets

Seven years in the life of Hypergiants' off-nets
复制标题

Hypergiants网外生命的七年

DOI:
10.1145/3452296.3472928
复制
发表时间:
2021
期刊:
SIGCOMM '21: Proceedings of the 2021 ACM SIGCOMM 2021 Conference
影响因子:
--
通讯作者:
Smaragdakis, Georgios
Smaragdakis, Georgios
中科院分区:
--
文献类型:
--
作者:
Gigis, Petros;Calder, Matt;Manassakis, Lefteris;Nomikos, George;Kotronis, Vasileios;Dimitropoulos, Xenofontas;Katz-Bassett, Ethan;Smaragdakis, Georgios

文献摘要

参考文献

被引文献

相似文献

内容超级巨头将绝大多数互联网流量提供给最终用户。近年来,一些公司投入巨资在最终用户网络内部署服务和服务器。随着数十个超级巨人和数千台服务器部署在网络内部,这些离网(即在超级巨人网络之外)部署改变了互联网的结构。以前的努力,研究他们依赖于专有数据或专门的每超巨人测量技术,既不规模也不概括,提供了一个有限的内容交付在今天的Internet.In本文中,我们开发了一个通用的和易于实施的方法来衡量超巨人的网外扩张。我们的主要观察是,超级巨头越来越多地加密他们的流量,以保护他们的客户的隐私。因此,我们可以分析端口443的互联网范围内的公共扫描,并检索TLS证书,以发现哪些IP地址托管Hypergiant证书,从而推断出托管相应Hypergiants的网外网络。我们的研究结果显示,从2013年到2021年,托管Hypergiant离线的网络数量增加了两倍,达到4.5k个网络。最大的超级巨头主导着这些部署,几乎所有这些网络都为谷歌、Netflix、Facebook或Akamai中的至少一个(越来越多的是两个或更多)提供离线服务。这四个超级巨人在网络中拥有网外网络,可以访问相当一部分最终用户。
Content Hypergiants deliver the vast majority of Internet traffic to end users. In recent years, some have invested heavily in deploying services and servers inside end-user networks. With several dozen Hypergiants and thousands of servers deployed inside networks, these off-net (meaning outside the Hypergiant networks) deployments change the structure of the Internet. Previous efforts to study them have relied on proprietary data or specialized per-Hypergiant measurement techniques that neither scale nor generalize, providing a limited view of content delivery on today's Internet.In this paper, we develop a generic and easy to implement methodology to measure the expansion of Hypergiants' off-nets. Our key observation is that Hypergiants increasingly encrypt their traffic to protect their customers' privacy. Thus, we can analyze publicly available Internet-wide scans of port 443 and retrieve TLS certificates to discover which IP addresses host Hypergiant certificates in order to infer the networks hosting off-nets for the corresponding Hypergiants. Our results show that the number of networks hosting Hypergiant off-nets has tripled from 2013 to 2021, reaching 4.5k networks. The largest Hypergiants dominate these deployments, with almost all of these networks hosting an off-net for at least one -- and increasingly two or more -- of Google, Netflix, Facebook, or Akamai. These four Hypergiants have off-nets within networks that provide access to a significant fraction of end user population.
路由泄漏识别:使域间路由更加可靠的一步
DOI: 10.1109/drcn.2014.6816139
发表时间: 2014
期刊: 2014 10th International Conference on the Design of Reliable Communication Networks (DRCN)
影响因子: --
作者:
M. S. Siddiqui;D. Montero;M. Yannuzzi;R. Serral;X. Masip
通讯作者: X. Masip
互联网如何覆盖全球
DOI: 10.1145/3371411
发表时间: 2019
影响因子: 22.7
作者:
Logan Kugler
通讯作者: Logan Kugler
扫描互联网的活跃度
DOI: 10.1145/3213232.3213234
发表时间: 2018
影响因子: 2.8
作者:
Bano S
通讯作者: Bano S
IANA IPv4 特殊用途地址注册机构
DOI: --
发表时间: 2010
期刊: Request for Comments
影响因子: --
作者:
G. Huston;Michelle Cotton;L. Vegoda
通讯作者: L. Vegoda
DOI: 10.1145/1851182.1851194
发表时间: 2010-08
期刊: --
影响因子: --
作者:
C. Labovitz;S. Iekel-Johnson;D. McPherson;Jon Oberheide;F. Jahanian
通讯作者: C. Labovitz;S. Iekel-Johnson;D. McPherson;Jon Oberheide;F. Jahanian