Proglacial Lakes in High Mountain Environments
Proglacial Lakes in High Mountain Environments
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DOI：
10.1007/978-3-319-94184-4_14
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发表时间：
2018-11
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
J. Otto
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
J. Otto
湖泊是冰川地貌的一个典型特征。它们被发现在当前或过去的冰川和冰盖附近，在高山冰斗，高山内谷以及低地。近年来，由于气候变化引起的冰川融化，在冰川前沿出现了新的湖泊，据报告，在许多山区，许多冰前湖泊的表面积和体积都在增加。一些冰前湖由于湖泊溃决洪水等灾害性事件或下游潜在危害和风险增加而引起公众和科学界的关注。冰前湖的形成是冰川退缩的结果，暴露出地形基岩凹陷或沉积物坝后面的空间，抑制径流并引起水和沉积物的储存。因此，冰前湖是一级沉积物汇，中断了从高地到低地的沉积物级联和沉积物转移动力学。这些问题在山区往往具有社会意义，从供水到能源生产、灾害和风险以及旅游业问题。本文综述了冰川前湖泊在高山地貌系统中的作用。我们首先介绍基本术语和形成原理，然后概述全球湖泊分布模式。冰前湖的地貌意义进行了讨论，相对于目前的知识状态。最近的事态发展，使一个潜在的未来湖泊在山区，一旦冰川融化，提出和讨论的自然灾害和风险，以及社会经济层面的冰前湖的形成。
Lakes are a characteristic feature of glacial landscapes. They are found in the vicinity of current or past glaciers and ice sheets, in high alpine cirques, inner-alpine valleys as well as lowlands. In recent years, new lakes have emerged in glacier forefields and surface areas and volumes of many proglacial lakes are reported to be growing in many mountain areas due to climate-induced glacier melt. Some proglacial lakes have attracted public and scientific attention due to disastrous events such as lake outburst floods or increasing hazard potential and risk downstream. Proglacial lake formation is the result of glacier retreat exposing a topographic bedrock depression or space behind a sediment dam that inhibits runoff and provokes storage of water and sediment. Proglacial lakes thus are first-order sediment sinks and interrupt the sediment cascade and sediment transfer dynamics from uplands to lowlands. They often are of societal relevance in mountain areas ranging from water supply to energy production, hazard and risk, as well as tourism issues. This review summarises the role of proglacial lakes for geomorphic systems in high mountain environments. We start with a look at the basic terminology and formation principles, followed by an overview of global lake distribution patterns. The geomorphologic significance of proglacial lakes is discussed with respect to the current state of knowledge. Recent developments that allow a modelling of potential future lakes in mountain areas, once the glacier melt, are presented and discussed in the light of natural hazards and risks, as well as socio-economic dimensions of proglacial lake formation.