THE ECOLOGICAL AND EVOLUTIONARY INTERDEPENDENCE BETWEEN WEB ARCHITECTURE AND WEB SILK SPUN BY ORB WEB WEAVING SPIDERS
THE ECOLOGICAL AND EVOLUTIONARY INTERDEPENDENCE BETWEEN WEB ARCHITECTURE AND WEB SILK SPUN BY ORB WEB WEAVING SPIDERS
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DOI：
10.1111/j.1095-8312.1987.tb00294.x
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发表时间：
1987-02-01
影响因子：
1.9
通讯作者：
CRAIG, CL
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
CRAIG, CL
蜘蛛网是一种动态的能量吸收网，其拦截猎物的能力取决于网设计的机械特性和网丝绸的材料特性。蜘蛛网设计的变化反映了蜘蛛网纺丝行为的变化，而丝绸的变化反映了蜘蛛新陈代谢过程的变化。因此，自然选择可能通过两条独立的和可供选择的途径影响网络功能(或猎物捕获)。在这篇文章中，我研究了建筑和材料特性单独和协同影响网吸收昆虫撞击能量的能力的方式。这些发现是在不同的气网进化的背景下进行评估的[Epilineuts lobosus(O.Pickard-Cambridge)、Leucauge lobosa(O.Pickard-Cambridge)、Cyclsa carol：(Hertz)、Mangora pia(Chamberline和Ivie)和Micrathena schreibersi：(Perty)]。球状网沿着从高能量吸收到低能量吸收的连续体范围。没有单一的网络体系结构特征描述了网络可以吸收的能量，但一组组字符表明了网络的功能。一般来说，拦截重型快速飞行猎物的网(高能量吸收网)都很大，由大型蜘蛛建造，在高张力下悬挂，其特点是每网半径与螺旋转数的比率大于1。相比之下，拦截光线和缓慢飞行的猎物的网(低能量吸收网)在低张力下悬浮，很小，其特征是径向与螺旋转数比小于1。数据表明，对于构建高能量吸收网的蜘蛛来说，球状结构对网络能量吸收有很大贡献。相比之下，对于构建低能量吸收网的蜘蛛来说，球状结构对增强网的能量吸收几乎没有贡献。无论网页设计如何，小型或慢速飞行的昆虫都可以被丝网拦截。虽然从高能和低能吸收网中收集的真丝的材料性能存在差异，但只有纤网纤维的直径随着真丝的能量吸收而发生可预测的变化。蛛网纤维直径和被蛛网丝吸收的能量是蜘蛛大小的等距函数。这些结果的意义在于，对于低能量吸收网，球状结构明显缺乏选择性优势，而对于建造它们的小型蜘蛛，则具有进化趋势。在高能量吸收不是网络体系结构的严格特征的情况下，不应将其严格限制在球体上。假设原始的蜘蛛网设计是球状网，我认为另类网络构建行为的进化是蜘蛛类动物向小型化的总体趋势的结果。蜘蛛类建造了不同于球状图案的网，能够利用它们的祖先没有的新栖息地和资源。
Spider orb webs are dynamic, energy absorbing nets whose ability to intercept prey is dependent on both the mechnical properties of web design and the material properties of web silks. Variation in web designs reflects variation in spider web spinning behaviours and variation in web silks reflects variation in spider metabolic processes. Therefore, natural selection may affect web function (or prey capture) through two independent and alternative pathways. In this paper, I examine the ways in which architectural and material properties, singly and in concert, influence the ability of webs to absorb insect impact energy. These findings are evaluated in the context of the evolution of diverse aerial webs [of Epilineutes globosus (O. Pickard-Cambridge), Leucauge globosa (O. Pickard-Cambridge), Cyclosa carol: (Hertz), Mangora pia (Chamberline and Ivie) and Micrathena schreibersi: (Perty)]. Orb webs range along a continuum from high to low energy absorbing. No single feature of web architecture characterizes the amount of energy webs can absorb, but suites of characters indicate web function. In general, webs that intercept heavy and fast flying prey (high energy absorbing webs) are large, built by large spiders, suspended under high tension and characterized by a ratio of radii to spiral turns per web greater than one. In contrast, webs that intercept light and slow flying prey (low energy absorbing webs) are suspended under low tension, are small and are characterized by radial to spiral turn ratios that are less than one. The data suggest that for spiders building high energy absorbing webs, the orb architecture contributes much to web energy absorption. In contrast, for spiders that build low energy absorbing webs, orb architecture contributes little to enhance web energy absorption. Small or slow flying insects can be intercepted by web silks regardless of web design. Although there exists varation in the material properties of silk collected from high and low energy absorbing webs, only the diameter of web fibres varies predictably with silk energy absorption. Web fibre diameter and hence the amount of energy absorbed by web silks is an isometric function of spider size. The significance of these results lies in the apparent absence of selective advantage of orb architecture to low energy absorbing webs and the evolutionary trend to small spiders that build them. Where high energy absorption is not an exacting feature of web architecture should not be tightly constrained to the orb. Assuming the primitive araneoid web design is the orb web, I propose that the evolution of alternative web building behaviours is a consequence of the general, phyletic trend to small size among araneoids. Araneoids that build webs of other than orb designs are able to use new habitats and resources not available to their ancestors.