Pollutant Emissions and Energy Efficiency under Controlled Conditions for Household Biomass Cookstoves and Implications for Metrics Useful in Setting International Test Standards
Pollutant Emissions and Energy Efficiency under Controlled Conditions for Household Biomass Cookstoves and Implications for Metrics Useful in Setting International Test Standards
复制标题
DOI：
10.1021/es301693f
复制
发表时间：
2012-10-02
影响因子：
11.4
通讯作者：
Hays, Michael D.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Jetter, James;Zhao, Yongxin;Hays, Michael D.
测试家用生物质炉灶的现实指标和方法需要制定国际决策者、捐助者和投资者所需的标准。应用一致的测试方法可以对排放和能效性能进行基准测试，并可以对传统和先进的炉灶类型进行有意义的比较。在这项研究中，22炉灶燃烧六种燃料类型（木材，木炭，颗粒，玉米棒子，稻壳，植物油）在两个燃料水分水平下进行了检查，在实验室控制的操作条件下概述的水沸腾测试（WBT）协议，版本4。污染物排放（二氧化碳、一氧化碳、甲烷、总碳氢化合物和超细颗粒物）受到持续监测。用重量分析法测量每个WBT相的细颗粒质量。其他测量包括炉灶功率，能源效率和燃料使用。排放因子是根据燃料能量、烹饪能量、燃料质量、时间和烹饪任务或活动给出的。技术先进的炉灶的最低PM2.5排放量为74 mg MJ（交付）（-1），而基本情况下开放式3石炉灶的排放量为700-1400 mg MJ（交付）（-1）。最高的热效率为53%，相比之下，14-15%的3石炉灶基于这些实验室控制的测试结果和观察，建议制定潜在的有用的指标，以制定国际标准。
Realistic metrics and methods for testing household biomass cookstoves are required to develop standards needed by international policy makers, donors, and investors. Application of consistent test practices allows emissions and energy efficiency performance to be benchmarked and enables meaningful comparisons among traditional and advanced stove types. In this study, 22 cookstoves burning six fuel types (wood, charcoal, pellets, corn cobs, rice hulls, and plant oil) at two fuel moisture levels were examined under laboratory-controlled operating conditions as outlined in the Water Boiling Test (WBT) protocol, Version 4. Pollutant emissions (carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, methane, total hydrocarbons, and ultrafine particles) were continuously monitored. Fine particle mass was measured gravimetrically for each WBT phase. Additional measurements included cookstove power, energy efficiency, and fuel use. Emission factors are given on the basis of fuel energy, cooking energy, fuel mass, time, and cooking task or activity. The lowest PM2.5 emissions were 74 mg MJ(delivered)(-1) from a technologically advanced cookstove compared with 700-1400 mg MJ(delivered)(-1) from the base-case open 3-stone cookfire. The highest thermal efficiency was 53% compared with 14-15% for the 3-stone cookfire Based on these laboratory-controlled test results and observations, recommendations for developing potentially useful metrics for setting international standards are suggested.