Ecological Evidence for Diapause in Four Native and One Exotic Species of Larval-Pupal Fruit Fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) Parasitoids Tropical Environments
Ecological Evidence for Diapause in Four Native and One Exotic Species of Larval-Pupal Fruit Fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) Parasitoids Tropical Environments
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四种本土和一种外来果蝇幼虫蛹（双翅目：实蝇科）寄生蜂热带环境中滞育的生态证据
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发表时间：
1998
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通讯作者：
J. Sivinski
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作者：
M. Aluja;Maurilio López;J. Sivinski
我们为热带环境中4种本地和1种外来幼虫--果蝇幼虫的滞育现象提供了生态学证据。我们在墨西哥中部的韦拉克鲁斯工作了4年(1993-1997年)，在受干扰的热带落叶和亚落叶森林以及多样化的农业生态系统中工作。本地寄生寄生蜂Doryctobraton areolatus(Szepligeti)，Utetes(B.)Anastephae(Viereck)(膜翅目：茧蜂科)、Aganaspis pellenaroi(BRETHES)、Odontosema anastephae Borgmeier(膜翅目：Eucoilidae)和引进种Diachasmiforma Longicaudata(Ashmead)(膜翅目：茧蜂科)均表现滞育。重要的是，作为这些寄生蜂寄主的6个Anastrepha种都没有进入滞育。在同一地区、同一时间采集到的膜翅目：茧蜂科(膜翅目：茧蜂科；引种)、食叶蜂属(Silvestri)(膜翅目：真蜂科；引种)、海华小蜂(膜翅目：蜂科；引种)和棕色厚皮蜂属(Rondani)(膜翅目：翅蜂科；引种)均未表现滞育。重要的是，在滞育物种中，并不是所有的种群都有这种现象，而且，在那些有这种现象的物种中，模式是多峰的(特定种群进入滞育的比例根据物种在0.4%到100%之间波动)。从蝇蛹解剖出的滞育个体均为3龄。滞育持续时间长达11个月(取决于特定物种)，主要观察到在9月至12月(一年中气温和降雨量下降，白天变短的时候)收集的蝇蛹。根据对果蝇果实物候的观察，我们得出结论：滞育是一种有效的机制，允许寄生蜂跨越果蝇寄主(即幼虫)稀缺或不可用的时期。我们从生态和实际意义的角度讨论了我们的发现。
We provide ecological evidence for the existence of diapause in 4 native and an exotic species of larval-pupal fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) parasitoids inhabiting tropical environments. We worked in central Veracruz, Mexico, in perturbed tropical deciduous and subdeciduous forests and in diversified agroecosystems during 4 yr (1993-1997). The native parasitoid species Doryctobracon areolatus (Szepligeti), Utetes (B.) anastrephae (Viereck) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), Aganaspis pellenaroi (Brethes), Odontosema anastrephae Borgmeier (Hymenoptera: Eucoilidae), and the introduced species, Diachasmimorpha longicaudata (Ashmead) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) all exhibited diapause. Importantly, none of the 6 Anastrepha species serving as hosts for these parasitoids entered diapause. The larval-pupal parasitoids Doryctobracon crawfordi (Viereck) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae; native) and Aceratoneuromyia indica (Silvestri) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae; introduced) and the pupal parasitoids Coptera haywardi (Hymenoptera: Diapriidae; native), and Pachycrepoideus vindemiae (Rondani) (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae; introduced) did not exhibit diapause even though they were collected in the same region and at the same time of year. Importantly, in diapausing species not all populations exhibited the phenomenon and, furthermore, in those that did, patterns were polymodal (proportion of a given population entering diapause fluctuated between 0.4 and 100% depending on species). All diapausing individuals dissected from fly pupae were 3rd instars. Diapause lasted up to 11 mo (depending on the particular species) and was predominantly observed in fly pupae collected between the months of September and December (time of year when temperature and rainfall drops and days become shorter). Based on observations on tree fruiting phenology, we conclude that diapause is an effective mechanism allowing parasitoids to bridge periods during which fruit fly hosts (i.e., larvae) are scarce or not available. We discuss our findings in light of their ecological and practical implications.