INTERNATIONALIZATION AND INNOVATION IN TOURISM
INTERNATIONALIZATION AND INNOVATION IN TOURISM
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DOI：
10.1016/j.annals.2010.09.006
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发表时间：
2011
影响因子：
13.2
通讯作者：
Allan M. Williams;G. Shaw
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Allan M. Williams;G. Shaw
国际化与创新是旅游研究的重要主题，但两者之间的关系却被忽视。从国际经济学文献开始，主要集中在跨国企业和知识问题上，这种关系可以从三个方面进行概念化：国际化是创新的一种形式，成功的国际化需要创新，国际化要求企业拥有上级知识。从一般文献转向旅游业的特殊性，生产和消费的双重性的两个方面决定了国际化：共存的要求和消费者的流动性。然而，以公司为重点的办法未能解决企业不断变化的国际环境，特别是全球连通性对企业家、劳工和游客日益重要的问题。
Internationalization and innovation are significant themes in tourism research whose inter-relationship has been largely neglected. Starting from the international economics literature, which focuses mainly on the multinational enterprise, and on knowledge issues, the relationship can be conceptualised in three ways: internationalization is a form of innovation, successful internationalization requires innovation, and internationalization requires firms to have superior knowledge. Turning from this generic literature to the specificities of tourism, two aspects of the simultaneity of production and consumption critically shape internationalization: the requirement for co-presence, and consumer mobility. However, a firm-focussed approach fails to address the changing international environment of the enterprise, especially the increasing importance of global connectivity in relation to entrepreneurs, labour and tourists.