Cultural norms, cooperation, and communication: Taking experiments to the field in indigenous communities
Cultural norms, cooperation, and communication: Taking experiments to the field in indigenous communities
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文化规范、合作与交流：在土著社区进行实验
DOI：
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发表时间：
2013
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
E. Ostrom
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
R. Ghate;S. Ghate;E. Ostrom
大量的实验研究一直致力于研究与公共物品、公共资源和其他社会困境有关的实验室环境中的行为。当受试者匿名且不被允许交流时，他们往往不合作。然而，令博弈理论家惊讶的是，简单地允许受试者在实验室环境中进行交流，就能使他们获得更多的合作成果。在多个国家的实验和一些初步的实地实验中。精心进行的实验室实验确实具有很强的内部效度。然而，外部效度需要在已经进行的初步实地实验之外进行进一步的研究。本文，我们报道了一系列常见的-在印度的八个土著社区进行了池资源实地实验，这些社区具有共享规范和相互信任的悠久传统。在所有八个村庄使用：一场“无沟通”游戏，重复了十轮，不允许任何人进行口头或书面沟通，以及一场“沟通游戏”在每轮开始时，同样的五名参与者被允许相互交流，然后再做出决定。这些实地实验的结果与在实验室进行的类似实验的结果有很大的不同。受试者倾向于即使在没有沟通的情况下，也要在第一个设计中进行合作。这些土著社区的共同规范是如此根深蒂固，以至于不需要沟通来采取合作决定。然而，倾向于使群体和个人的结果同质化，因此过度合作的社区倾向于稍微减少合作，而那些在另一个方向上有小偏差的社区则倾向于朝着最优解
Extensive experimental research has been devoted to the study of behaviour in laboratory settings related to public goods, common-pool resources, and other social dilemmas. When subjects are anonymous and not allowed to communicate, they tend not to cooperate. To the surprise of game theorists, however, simply allowing subjects to communicate in a laboratory setting enables them to achieve far more cooperative outcomes. This finding has now been replicated in many laboratory experiments in multiple countries and in some initial field experiments. Carefully conducted laboratory experiments do have strong internal validity. External validity, however, requires further research beyond the initial field experiments that have already been conducted. In this paper, we report on a series of common-pool resource field experiments conducted in eight indigenous communities in India that have very long traditions of shared norms and mutual trust. Two experimental designs were used in all eight villages: a “no-communication” game that was repeated in ten rounds where no one was allowed verbal or written communication and a “communication game” in which the same five participants were allowed to communicate with each other at the beginning of each round before making their decisions. The findings from these field experiments are substantially different from the findings of similar experiments conducted in experimental laboratories. Subjects tended to cooperate in the first design even in the absence of communication. The shared norms in these indigenous communities are so deeply embedded that communication is not needed to adopt cooperative decisions. Communication does, however, tend to homogenize group and individual outcomes so that communities that are overly cooperative tend to reduce cooperation slightly and those with small deviations in the other direction tend to move toward the optimal solution.