Evidence for the volatile-rich composition of a 1.5-Earth-radius planet

Evidence for the volatile-rich composition of a 1.5-Earth-radius planet
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1.5 地球半径行星富含挥发物成分的证据

DOI:
10.1038/s41550-022-01835-4
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发表时间:
2023
期刊:
影响因子:
14.1
通讯作者:
Kubyshkina, Daria
Kubyshkina, Daria
中科院分区:
物理与天体物理1区
文献类型:
--
作者:
Piaulet, Caroline;Benneke, Björn;Almenara, Jose M.;Dragomir, Diana;Knutson, Heather A.;Thorngren, Daniel;Peterson, Merrin S.;Crossfield, Ian J.;M.-R. Kempton, Eliza;Kubyshkina, Daria

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小于1.7地球半径(R)的行星被广泛解释为由岩石世界组成,通常被称为超级地球。这幅图在很大程度上得到了近距离超级地球径向速度质量测量的证实,但在较低的日照下缺乏约束。在这里,我们提出了一个详细的研究开普勒-138系统的结果,使用13哈勃和斯皮策凌日观测的暖温1.51 ± 0.04 R的行星开普勒-138 d()结合新的径向速度测量其主机星星获得的凯克/高分辨率Echelle光谱仪。我们发现证据的挥发物丰富的“水世界”性质的开普勒-138 d,其质量的很大一部分包含在一个厚厚的挥发层。这一发现得到了凌日时间变化和径向速度观测()以及平坦的光学/红外透射光谱的独立支持。定量地说,我们推断挥发物的组成按质量或约51%的体积,与2,000公里深的水地幔和大气顶部的核心与地球一样的硅酸盐/铁的比例。任何与观测结果一致的假设氢层(<0.003M)都将在大约1000万年的时间尺度上迅速消失。因此,开普勒-138 d的整体组成类似于太阳系中的冰卫星,而不是类地行星。我们的结论是,并非所有的超级地球都是岩石世界,但挥发物丰富的水世界存在于一个重叠的大小制度,特别是在较低的日照。最后,我们的光动力学分析还揭示了开普勒-138 c(aRc= 1.51 ± 0.04 R和a)是开普勒-138 d(即同一系统中的另一个水世界)的一个稍微温暖的孪生兄弟,我们推断开普勒-138 e的存在,一个可能在可居住区内边缘的非过境行星。
The population of planets smaller than approximately 1.7 Earth radii (R⊕) is widely interpreted as consisting of rocky worlds, generally referred to as super-Earths. This picture is largely corroborated by radial velocity mass measurements for close-in super-Earths but lacks constraints at lower insolations. Here we present the results of a detailed study of the Kepler-138 system using 13 Hubble and Spitzer transit observations of the warm-temperate 1.51 ± 0.04R⊕planet Kepler-138 d () combined with new radial velocity measurements of its host star obtained with the Keck/High Resolution Echelle Spectrometer. We find evidence for a volatile-rich ‘water world’ nature of Kepler-138 d, with a large fraction of its masscontained in a thick volatile layer. This finding is independently supported by transit timing variations and radial velocity observations (), as well as the flat optical/infrared transmission spectrum. Quantitatively, we infer a composition ofvolatiles by mass or ~51% by volume, with a 2,000-km-deep water mantle and atmosphere on top of a core with an Earth-like silicates/iron ratio. Any hypothetical hydrogen layer consistent with the observations (<0.003M⊕) would have swiftly been lost on a ~10 Myr timescale. The bulk composition of Kepler-138 d therefore resembles those of the icy moons, rather than the terrestrial planets, in the Solar System. We conclude that not all super-Earths are rocky worlds, but that volatile-rich water worlds exist in an overlapping size regime, especially at lower insolations. Finally, our photodynamical analysis also reveals that Kepler-138 c (with aRc= 1.51 ± 0.04R⊕and a) is a slightly warmer twin of Kepler-138 d (that is, another water world in the same system) and we infer the presence of Kepler-138 e, a likely non-transiting planet at the inner edge of the habitable zone.
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