Evidence for the volatile-rich composition of a 1.5-Earth-radius planet
Evidence for the volatile-rich composition of a 1.5-Earth-radius planet
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1.5 地球半径行星富含挥发物成分的证据
DOI:
10.1038/s41550-022-01835-4
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发表时间:
2023
期刊:
影响因子:
14.1
通讯作者:
Kubyshkina, Daria
中科院分区:
文献类型:
--
作者:
Piaulet, Caroline;Benneke, Björn;Almenara, Jose M.;Dragomir, Diana;Knutson, Heather A.;Thorngren, Daniel;Peterson, Merrin S.;Crossfield, Ian J.;M.-R. Kempton, Eliza;Kubyshkina, Daria
The population of planets smaller than approximately 1.7 Earth radii (R⊕) is widely interpreted as consisting of rocky worlds, generally referred to as super-Earths. This picture is largely corroborated by radial velocity mass measurements for close-in super-Earths but lacks constraints at lower insolations. Here we present the results of a detailed study of the Kepler-138 system using 13 Hubble and Spitzer transit observations of the warm-temperate 1.51 ± 0.04R⊕planet Kepler-138 d () combined with new radial velocity measurements of its host star obtained with the Keck/High Resolution Echelle Spectrometer. We find evidence for a volatile-rich ‘water world’ nature of Kepler-138 d, with a large fraction of its masscontained in a thick volatile layer. This finding is independently supported by transit timing variations and radial velocity observations (), as well as the flat optical/infrared transmission spectrum. Quantitatively, we infer a composition ofvolatiles by mass or ~51% by volume, with a 2,000-km-deep water mantle and atmosphere on top of a core with an Earth-like silicates/iron ratio. Any hypothetical hydrogen layer consistent with the observations (<0.003M⊕) would have swiftly been lost on a ~10 Myr timescale. The bulk composition of Kepler-138 d therefore resembles those of the icy moons, rather than the terrestrial planets, in the Solar System. We conclude that not all super-Earths are rocky worlds, but that volatile-rich water worlds exist in an overlapping size regime, especially at lower insolations. Finally, our photodynamical analysis also reveals that Kepler-138 c (with aRc= 1.51 ± 0.04R⊕and a) is a slightly warmer twin of Kepler-138 d (that is, another water world in the same system) and we infer the presence of Kepler-138 e, a likely non-transiting planet at the inner edge of the habitable zone.
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DOI:
--
发表时间:
2010
期刊:
影响因子:
--
作者:
D. Ragozzine;M. Holman
通讯作者:
M. Holman
DOI:
--
发表时间:
2020
影响因子:
11.1
作者:
E. Kite;M. Barnett
通讯作者:
M. Barnett
DOI:
10.3847/1538-3881/abcd3c
发表时间:
2020-11
期刊:
The Astronomical Journal
影响因子:
--
作者:
C. Piaulet;B. Benneke;R. Rubenzahl;A. Howard;Eve J. Lee;D. Thorngren;R. Angus;Merrin Peterson
通讯作者:
C. Piaulet;B. Benneke;R. Rubenzahl;A. Howard;Eve J. Lee;D. Thorngren;R. Angus;Merrin Peterson
DOI:
10.1088/0004-637x/721/2/1467
发表时间:
2010-03
期刊:
The Astrophysical Journal
影响因子:
--
作者:
Andrew W. Howard;John A. Johnson;Geoffrey W. Marcy;Debra A. Fischer;Jason T. Wright;David Bernat;Gregory W. Henry;Kathryn M. G. Peek;H. Isaacson;K. Apps;M. Endl;William D. Cochran;Jeff A. Valenti;Jay Anderson;Nikolai E. Piskunov
通讯作者:
Andrew W. Howard;John A. Johnson;Geoffrey W. Marcy;Debra A. Fischer;Jason T. Wright;David Bernat;Gregory W. Henry;Kathryn M. G. Peek;H. Isaacson;K. Apps;M. Endl;William D. Cochran;Jeff A. Valenti;Jay Anderson;Nikolai E. Piskunov
DOI:
--
发表时间:
2015
期刊:
影响因子:
--
作者:
A. Tsiaras;I. Waldmann;M. Rocchetto;R. Varley;G. Morello;M. Damiano;M. Damiano;G. Tinetti
通讯作者:
G. Tinetti