Transmissibility and transmission of respiratory viruses.
Transmissibility and transmission of respiratory viruses.
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DOI：
10.1038/s41579-021-00535-6
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发表时间：
2021-08
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Leung NHL
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Leung NHL
人类呼吸道病毒感染导致一系列呼吸道症状和疾病严重程度，导致全球大量发病率、死亡率和经济损失，如COVID-19疫情所示。呼吸道病毒属于不同的家族，其传播的容易程度（传播性）和传播机制（模式）各不相同。通过基本繁殖数（R 0）或二次攻击率估计的传播性对于同一病毒是异质的。呼吸道病毒可通过四种主要传播方式传播：直接（物理）接触、间接接触（污染物）、（大）飞沫和（细）气溶胶。我们对每种模式在不同环境中对特定病毒传播的相对贡献以及其变化如何影响传播率和传播动力学知之甚少。目前正在讨论液滴和气溶胶之间的粒径阈值以及气溶胶传播对严重急性呼吸道综合征冠状病毒2型（SARS-CoV-2）和流感病毒的重要性。机制证据支持非药物干预措施在减少病毒方面的效力;然而，需要更多关于其减少传播效力的数据。了解不同传播方式的相对贡献对于了解非药物干预措施在人群中的有效性至关重要。对多种传播模式进行干预应比对单一模式采取行动更有效。在这篇综述中，Leung概述了呼吸道病毒的传播能力和传播方式，传播的病毒、宿主和环境决定因素，以及减轻呼吸道病毒传播的常见非药物干预措施。她还讨论了最近关于导致COVID-19的严重急性呼吸道综合征冠状病毒2（SARS-CoV-2）气溶胶传播的争议。
Human respiratory virus infections lead to a spectrum of respiratory symptoms and disease severity, contributing to substantial morbidity, mortality and economic losses worldwide, as seen in the COVID-19 pandemic. Belonging to diverse families, respiratory viruses differ in how easy they spread (transmissibility) and the mechanism (modes) of transmission. Transmissibility as estimated by the basic reproduction number (R0) or secondary attack rate is heterogeneous for the same virus. Respiratory viruses can be transmitted via four major modes of transmission: direct (physical) contact, indirect contact (fomite), (large) droplets and (fine) aerosols. We know little about the relative contribution of each mode to the transmission of a particular virus in different settings, and how its variation affects transmissibility and transmission dynamics. Discussion on the particle size threshold between droplets and aerosols and the importance of aerosol transmission for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and influenza virus is ongoing. Mechanistic evidence supports the efficacies of non-pharmaceutical interventions with regard to virus reduction; however, more data are needed on their effectiveness in reducing transmission. Understanding the relative contribution of different modes to transmission is crucial to inform the effectiveness of non-pharmaceutical interventions in the population. Intervening against multiple modes of transmission should be more effective than acting on a single mode. In this Review, Leung provides an overview of the transmissibility and modes of transmission of respiratory viruses, the viral, host and environmental determinants of transmission, and common non-pharmaceutical interventions for mitigating respiratory virus transmission. She also discusses the recent controversies over aerosol transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus that causes COVID-19.
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DOI：
10.1073/pnas.2015482118
发表时间：
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影响因子：
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作者：
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发表时间：
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影响因子：
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作者：
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