The Fungal Cell Wall: Structure, Biosynthesis, and Function
The Fungal Cell Wall: Structure, Biosynthesis, and Function
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DOI：
10.1128/microbiolspec.funk-0035-2016
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发表时间：
2017-06-01
影响因子：
3.7
通讯作者：
Munro, Carol A.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Gow, Neil A. R.;Latge, Jean-Paul;Munro, Carol A.
细胞壁的分子组成对每个真菌物种的生物学和生态学都是至关重要的。真菌壁是由嵌入并连接到纤维承载多糖支架上的基质成分组成的。真菌病原体的大多数主要细胞壁成分在人类、其他哺乳动物或植物中不存在，因此动植物的免疫系统已经进化到识别真菌壁的许多保守元件。出于类似的原因，组装真菌细胞壁成分的酶是抗真菌化疗和杀菌剂的极佳靶标。然而，对于真菌病原体来说，细胞壁通常是被掩盖的，因为免疫识别的关键签名分子有时会被免疫惰性分子掩盖。细胞壁的破坏导致复杂的故障保护机制的激活，这些机制可以支撑和修复细胞壁，以避免灾难性地破坏表面的完整性。真菌细胞壁的研究前沿正从定义真菌细胞壁的潜在基因和组成部分的描述性阶段，转向更动态地分析各种成分是如何组装、交联和修饰以响应环境信号的。因此，该综述讨论了细胞壁的组成、合成和调节、免疫识别系统如何针对细胞壁以及抗真菌诊断和治疗药物的设计等方面的最新研究进展。
The molecular composition of the cell wall is critical for the biology and ecology of each fungal species. Fungal walls are composed of matrix components that are embedded and linked to scaffolds of fibrous load-bearing polysaccharides. Most of the major cell wall components of fungal pathogens are not represented in humans, other mammals, or plants, and therefore the immune systems of animals and plants have evolved to recognize many of the conserved elements of fungal walls. For similar reasons the enzymes that assemble fungal cell wall components are excellent targets for antifungal chemotherapies and fungicides. However, for fungal pathogens, the cell wall is often disguised since key signature molecules for immune recognition are sometimes masked by immunologically inert molecules. Cell wall damage leads to the activation of sophisticated fail-safe mechanisms that shore up and repair walls to avoid catastrophic breaching of the integrity of the surface. The frontiers of research on fungal cell walls are moving from a descriptive phase defining the underlying genes and component parts of fungal walls to more dynamic analyses of how the various components are assembled, cross-linked, and modified in response to environmental signals. This review therefore discusses recent advances in research investigating the composition, synthesis, and regulation of cell walls and how the cell wall is targeted by immune recognition systems and the design of antifungal diagnostics and therapeutics.