Invention sharing is the mother of developmental biology (Part 2)
Invention sharing is the mother of developmental biology (Part 2)
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发明共享是发育生物学之母（第二部分）
DOI：
10.1111/dgd.12763
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发表时间：
2021
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
Igawa Takeshi
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Ogino Hajime;Kamei Yasuhiro;Hayashi Toshinori;Sakamoto Joe;Suzuki Makoto;Igawa Takeshi
许多科学家可能不知道，著名的短语“必要性是发明之母”出自18世纪爱尔兰作家乔纳森·斯威夫特在他的著作《格列佛游记》中。这句格言很适合应用科学，其目的是满足人类社会的现实需求。然而，对于基础科学来说，情况可能并非如此。也就是说，一旦发明了新的研究工具和/或技术，科学家就可以通过以前所未有的方式进行更深入的研究来更严格地检验假设。然后，随着新工具和技术在研究领域的传播，它们成为更雄心勃勃的想法的灵感来源，期刊审稿人也开始要求或建议作者使用它们作为修改手稿的标准。因此，作者使用这些新发明的工具/技术就成为一种必然，因此，从某种意义上说，“发明成为必然之母”。新工具和/或技术的传播对于推动基础科学的发展非常重要，因为它常常会带来意想不到的、偶然的发现。没有人怀疑显微镜、聚合酶链式反应 (PCR) 技术、同源重组技术、下一代测序仪 (NGS) 和许多其他发明如何为现代和当前生物学的发展做出了革命性的贡献。然而，在当前生物领域，研究对象和材料差异很大，研究人员之间有效的发明共享并不容易。就发育生物学而言，已经针对特定模式生物开发和/或修改了多种实验技术，包括细胞/组织培养、成像、基因传递、基因组编辑和NGS分析。此类发明的一小部分已作为方法论论文发表，而其余部分似乎仅在已发表论文的材料和方法部分中进行了简要描述，而没有足以复制的详细信息。此外，针对某种模式生物开发的新技术可能不会被使用不同模式生物的研究人员注意到或分享，即使该技术具有巨大的潜力。为了促进研究界有用发明的共享和传播，Development、Growth and Differentiation 推出了新的文章部分、方法文章和方案。“方法文章”报告新颖的技术或重大改进的技术，而“方案”则提供已在已发表的论文中使用但尚未详细描述的方法的分步说明（详细信息请参阅作者指南）。本特刊计划于 2022 年 10 月（第 8 期）至 1 月（第 1 期）出版，以有效宣传这些新部分的推出。本特刊的第一部分包含两篇方法文章和三篇协议，用于改进脊椎动物的遗传操作和图像分析。 Hosoya 等人 (2021) 使用改良的反向四环素控制转录反式激活因子 (rtTAm) 开发了一种新的 Tet-ON 系统，以最大限度地减少渗漏表达，从而确保青鳉鱼中的细胞类型特异性表达。 rtTAm 的使用可能有助于解决其他物种中类似的渗漏表达问题，并促进修改后的 Tet-ON 工具的跨物种使用。 Ota 等人（2021）报告了一种细胞图像分析技术，该技术可以在比相关传统技术更短的时间内从非洲爪蟾胚胎的外胚层细胞层图像中提取细胞形状数据。只要描绘出细胞形状，该方法就应该适用于其他组织和物种。 Hiyoshi 等人（2021）提供了协议……
Many scientists might not know that the well-known phrase" necessity is the mother of invention" comes from the 18th-century Irish author Jonathan Swift, in his book,“Gulliver's Travels.” This adage may well fit to applied science, whose purpose it is to fulfill realistic needs in human society. However, this may not be true for basic science. That is, once new research tools and/or techniques are invented, they enable scientists to test hypotheses more rigorously by conducting deeper investigations in a way never imagined before. Then, as the new tools and techniques spread out over a research field, they become a source of inspiration for more ambitious ideas, and journal reviewers also come to request or suggest authors use them as standards for revising their manuscripts. Therefore, it becomes a necessity for the authors to use these newly invented tools/techniques, so, in a sense,“invention becomes the mother of necessity.” The dissemination of new tools and/or techniques is very important for moving basic science forward, since it often leads to unexpected, serendipitous discoveries. No one doubts how microscopes, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques, homologous recombination techniques, next generation sequencers (NGSs) and many other inventions have made revolutionary contributions on the development of modern and current biology. However, efficient invention sharing among researchers is not easy in the current biological field, where research subjects and materials are so much diverged. In the case of developmental biology, a variety of experimental techniques including cell/tissue culture, imaging, gene delivery, genome editing and NGS analysis have been developed and/or modified for specific model organisms. A small portion of such inventions have been published as methodology papers, whereas the remainder appears to have only been briefly described in the materials and methods sections of published papers without the detailed information sufficient for replication. Moreover, a new technique developed for a certain model organism may not be noticed or shared by researchers using different model organisms, even though this technique has great potential. To promote the sharing and dissemination of useful inventions in the research community, Development, Growth and Differentiation has launched new article sections, Method articles and Protocols.“Method articles” report novel techniques or crucially improved techniques, and “Protocols” are to provide step-by-step instructions of methods that have already been used in published papers but not described in detail yet (see Author Guidelines for details). This special issue is scheduled for publication from October (issue 8) to January (issue 1) 2022 to effectively advertise the launch of these new sections.This first part of this special issue contains two method articles and three protocols for improved genetic manipulation and image analysis in vertebrates. Hosoya et al.(2021) developed a new Tet-ON system using a modified reverse tetracyclin-controlled transcriptional transactivator (rtTAm) to minimize leaky expression for ensuring cell-type specific expression in medaka fish. The use of rtTAm may help solve similar problems of leaky expression in other species and facilitate cross-species use of the modified Tet-ON tool. Ota et al.(2021) report a cell image analysis technique that extracts cell shape data from images of an ectodermal cell layer of Xenopus embryos in a much shorter time than related conventional techniques. This method should be applicable to other tissues and species as long as cell shapes are delineated. Hiyoshi et al.(2021) provide protocols …