A Research Road Map for Responsible Use of Agricultural Nitrogen
A Research Road Map for Responsible Use of Agricultural Nitrogen
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农业氮素负责任地利用研究路线图
DOI：
10.3389/fsufs.2021.660155
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发表时间：
2021-05
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
M. Udvardi;F. Below;M. Castellano;Alison J Eagle;K. Giller;J. Ladha;Xuejun Liu;T. Maaz;Bárbara Nova-Franco;N. Raghuram;G. Robertson;Sonali Roy;M. Saha;S. Schmidt;M. Tegeder;L. York;J. W. Peters
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文献类型：
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作者：
M. Udvardi;F. Below;M. Castellano;Alison J Eagle;K. Giller;J. Ladha;Xuejun Liu;T. Maaz;Bárbara Nova-Franco;N. Raghuram;G. Robertson;Sonali Roy;M. Saha;S. Schmidt;M. Tegeder;L. York;J. W. Peters
氮(N)是生物系统必不可少但通常有限的营养物质。哈伯-博世合成氨工业工艺的发展有助于缓解农业生产对氮的限制，推动了绿色革命，减少了饥饿。然而，工业氮肥的大量使用使通过全球氮循环的氮增加了一倍，造成了严重的环境后果，威胁到地球的健康。因此，迫切需要减少农业中活性氮的损失，同时确保足够的氮投入以保障粮食安全。在此，我们回顾了目前与农业氮利用效率（NUE）相关的知识，并确定了农学、植物育种、生物固氮（BNF）、土壤氮循环和建模等领域的研究机会，以实现农业氮的负责任、可持续利用。在这些机会中，使作物氮素需求与土壤氮素有效性同步的改进农业实践是唾手可得的成果。以根和茎生理过程为目标的作物育种可能会增加土壤氮素的吸收和利用，而以豆科植物为目标的作物育种将提高整个系统的氮素利用效率。同样，在非豆科植物中培育新型固氮共生生物可以减少农业生态系统对化肥的需求，但这是一个更长期的目标。使用模拟建模来概念化影响农业生态系统NUE的复杂、相互交织的过程，以及多目标优化，也将加速NUE的获得。
Nitrogen (N) is an essential but generally limiting nutrient for biological systems. Development of the Haber-Bosch industrial process for ammonia synthesis helped to relieve N limitation of agricultural production, fueling the Green Revolution and reducing hunger. However, the massive use of industrial N fertilizer has doubled the N moving through the global N cycle with dramatic environmental consequences that threaten planetary health. Thus, there is an urgent need to reduce losses of reactive N from agriculture, while ensuring sufficient N inputs for food security. Here we review current knowledge related to N use efficiency (NUE) in agriculture and identify research opportunities in the areas of agronomy, plant breeding, biological N fixation (BNF), soil N cycling, and modeling to achieve responsible, sustainable use of N in agriculture. Amongst these opportunities, improved agricultural practices that synchronize crop N demand with soil N availability are low-hanging fruit. Crop breeding that targets root and shoot physiological processes will likely increase N uptake and utilization of soil N, while breeding for BNF effectiveness in legumes will enhance overall system NUE. Likewise, engineering of novel N-fixing symbioses in non-legumes could reduce the need for chemical fertilizers in agroecosystems but is a much longer-term goal. The use of simulation modeling to conceptualize the complex, interwoven processes that affect agroecosystem NUE, along with multi-objective optimization, will also accelerate NUE gains.