Locomotion and posture from the common hominoid ancestor to fully modern hominins, with special reference to the last common panin/hominin ancestor
Locomotion and posture from the common hominoid ancestor to fully modern hominins, with special reference to the last common panin/hominin ancestor
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DOI：
10.1111/j.1469-7580.2008.00870.x
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发表时间：
2008-04-01
影响因子：
2.4
通讯作者：
Thorpe, S. K. S.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Crompton, R. H.;Vereecke, E. E.;Thorpe, S. K. S.
根据我们对运动生物力学和生态学的了解，我们预测了(a)大猿和小猿及其近亲（人猿）的最后共同祖先的运动和姿势；(b)黑猩猩、倭黑猩猩和现代人类（古人类）；(c)现代人和他们的化石亲戚（古人类）。我们在更广泛地回顾从最早的现代类人猿（冠类类人猿）到早期现代智人的运动系统进化的背景下，根据化石记录评估我们的主张。虽然一些早期的东非茎类人科动物是匍匐的，但似乎冠类人科动物最具特征的适应性是直立性和将手臂外展到肩膀以上的能力，而不是像人们通常认为的那样，具有严格的手动悬吊感。在7-9 Ma（并不比类人猿和古人类可能的4-8 Ma分化日期早多少，见Bradley， 2008），在南欧出现了冠类古人类，它们适应以直立姿势移动，主要靠后肢支撑，在树栖环境中，对于Oreopithecus来说，可能是陆地环境。到7 Ma， Sahelanthropus提供了中非古人类，panin或可能是大猩猩适应直立姿势的证据，并且在6 Ma的树栖东非原始古人类Orrorin中，直立姿势和习惯性高度伸展的臀部姿势都很明显。如果古人类经历了陆地“指关节行走”阶段的传统观点是正确的，那么它不仅必须解释以后肢弯曲姿势为特征的四足步态如何使古人类的身体预先适应直立直立的两足行走，而且我们还必须接受从茎类人猿前足向冠类人猿正足的过渡，在非洲猿中再次回到前足，然后在古人类中又回到正足。手辅助的树栖两足行走，是连续的直立行为的一部分，被现代猩猩用来在树的边缘的小树枝中觅食，在那里，人类的核心饮食资源，成熟的水果，是最常见的。从树栖手助两足机构推导出习惯的陆地两足机构需要较少的过渡，并且在运动学和动力学上也更为简洁。
Based on our knowledge of locomotor biomechanics and ecology we predict the locomotion and posture of the last common ancestors of (a) great and lesser apes and their close fossil relatives (hominoids); (b) chimpanzees, bonobos and modern humans (hominines); and (c) modern humans and their fossil relatives (hominins). We evaluate our propositions against the fossil record in the context of a broader review of evolution of the locomotor system from the earliest hominoids of modern aspect (crown hominoids) to early modern Homo sapiens. While some early East African stem hominoids were pronograde, it appears that the adaptations which best characterize the crown hominoids are orthogrady and an ability to abduct the arm above the shoulder - rather than, as is often thought, manual suspension sensu stricto. At 7-9 Ma (not much earlier than the likely 4-8 Ma divergence date for panins and hominins, see Bradley, 2008) there were crown hominoids in southern Europe which were adapted to moving in an orthograde posture, supported primarily on the hindlimb, in an arboreal, and possibly for Oreopithecus, a terrestrial context. By 7 Ma, Sahelanthropus provides evidence of a Central African hominin, panin or possibly gorilline adapted to orthogrady, and both orthogrady and habitually highly extended postures of the hip are evident in the arboreal East African protohominin Orrorin at 6 Ma. If the traditional idea that hominins passed through a terrestrial 'knuckle-walking' phase is correct, not only does it have to be explained how a quadrupedal gait typified by flexed postures of the hindlimb could have preadapted the body for the hominin acquisition of straight-legged erect bipedality, but we would have to accept a transition from stem-hominoid pronogrady to crown hominoid orthogrady, back again to pronogrady in the African apes and then back to orthogrady in hominins. Hand-assisted arboreal bipedality, which is part of a continuum of orthograde behaviours, is used by modern orangutans to forage among the small branches at the periphery of trees where the core hominoid dietary resource, ripe fruit, is most often to be found. Derivation of habitual terrestrial bipedality from arboreal hand-assisted bipedality requires fewer transitions, and is also kinematically and kinetically more parsimonious.