Mechanics of the animate.
Mechanics of the animate.
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DOI：
10.1901/jeab.1992.57-429
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发表时间：
1992-05
影响因子：
2.7
通讯作者：
P. Killeen
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
P. Killeen
行为被视为基本物理学。确定了维度，并提出了维度从物理规范到行为空间轴的转换。反应被视为沿激活能连续体排列的动作模式。行为被看作是沿着这个行为空间的轨迹运动。激励或强化物是行为空间中的吸引物，位于低潜能盆地的中心。撞击这些盆地的轨迹可能被捕获；重复捕获会使轨迹向测地线弯曲，这一过程称为条件反射。条件作用通过相邻性（被测量行为与轨迹末端的激励之间的接近性）和偶然性（低于势能景观平均水平的轨迹深度）得到增强。动机被看作是有机体在外力作用下运动的潜力。激发程度以势场的深度为特征，低激发对应于平坦的场和平坦的活化能梯度。驱动力是通过行为空间传播的激励力量。讨论了驱动衰减随行为距离的不同规律，以及作用动力学。行为机制的基本假设是行为空间中的激励跟踪，其能量由势能的减少提供。分析了时间梯度与响应分化和时间分辨的关系。各种二体问题的概述，以说明这些思想的应用，联想，选择，标量定时，自我控制和自由。
Behavior is treated as basic physics. Dimensions are identified and their transformations from physical specification to axes in behavioral space are suggested. Responses are treated as action patterns arrayed along a continuum of activation energy. Behavior is seen as movement along a trajectory through this behavior space. Incentives or reinforcers are attractors in behavior space, at the centers of basins of lowered potential. Trajectories impinging on such basins may be captured; repeated capture will warp the trajectory toward a geodesic, a process called conditioning. Conditioning is enhanced by contiguity, the proximity between the measured behavior and the incentive at the end of the trajectory, and by contingency, the depth of the trajectory below the average level of the potential energy landscape. Motivation is seen as the potential of an organism for motion under the forces impinging on it. Degree of motivation is characterized by the depth of the potential field, with low motivation corresponding to a flat field and a flat gradient of activation energy. Drives are the forces of incentives propagated through behavior space. Different laws for the attenuation of drive with behavioral distance are discussed, as is the dynamics of action. The basic postulate of behavior mechanics is incentive-tracking in behavior space, the energy for which is provided by decreases in potential. The relation of temporal gradients to response differentiation and temporal discrimination is analyzed. Various two-body problems are sketched to illustrate the application of these ideas to association, choice, scalar timing, self-control, and freedom.