The human gallbladder microbiome is related to the physiological state and the biliary metabolic profile
The human gallbladder microbiome is related to the physiological state and the biliary metabolic profile
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DOI：
10.1186/s40168-019-0712-8
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发表时间：
2019-07-04
期刊：
影响因子：
15.5
通讯作者：
Margolles, Abelardo
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Molinero, Natalia;Ruiz, Lorena;Margolles, Abelardo
背景在过去的十年中，人们对人体肠道的微生物种群及其与特定疾病的关系进行了广泛的研究。然而，人类胆汁微生物群作为一个整体的表征一直受到阻碍，难以获得生物样品和缺乏足够的方法来评估分子研究。虽然少数报道描述了某些肝胆疾病中的胆汁微生物群，但尚未描述健康个体的胆汁微生物群。考虑到这一点，本研究的目标是产生基本知识的组成和活动的人胆汁微生物群，以及建立其潜在的关系与人类胆汁相关disorders.ResultsHuman胆汁样本从胆囊的个人从对照组，没有任何记录的肝胆疾病，从肝供体在肝移植手术。优化胆汁DNA提取方法，并结合定量PCR（qPCR）测定细菌载量。这允许选择样品以进行功能宏基因组分析。在胆囊切除术期间收集结石患者胆囊的胆汁样本，并使用基于16 S rRNA基因的测序分析评估微生物谱，并与对照组进行比较。此外，还通过核磁共振（NMR）分析了样本的代谢特征。我们首次在没有任何肝胆病变的个体胆囊样本中检测到细菌群落。胆道微生态系统中的主要细菌门为厚壁菌门、拟杆菌门、放线菌门和变形菌门。两组不同分类群的相对丰度存在显著差异，属于丙酸杆菌科的序列在对照组胆汁样品中更丰富;同时，在胆石症患者中，更频繁地检测到拟杆菌科、普雷沃氏菌科、紫单胞菌科和韦荣氏菌科的成员。此外，代谢组学分析表明，这两个研究组有不同的代谢profiles.ConclusionsOur结果表明，胆囊的人类个体，没有诊断肝胆病理，窝藏的微生物生态系统，在这项研究中首次描述。其细菌代表和代谢产物与胆石症患者体内检测到的不同。在这方面，由于肝脏捐献者受到医院重症监护室的特定条件，包括抗生素治疗，我们必须谨慎声明他们的胆汁样本含有生理正常的胆汁微生物组。无论如何，我们的研究结果为发现微生物生态系统中细菌的功能开辟了新的可能性，而这些功能以前从未被探索过。
BackgroundThe microbial populations of the human intestinal tract and their relationship to specific diseases have been extensively studied during the last decade. However, the characterization of the human bile microbiota as a whole has been hampered by difficulties in accessing biological samples and the lack of adequate methodologies to assess molecular studies. Although a few reports have described the biliary microbiota in some hepatobiliary diseases, the bile microbiota of healthy individuals has not been described. With this in mind, the goal of the present study was to generate fundamental knowledge on the composition and activity of the human bile microbiota, as well as establishing its potential relationship with human bile-related disorders.ResultsHuman bile samples from the gallbladder of individuals from a control group, without any record of hepatobiliary disorder, were obtained from liver donors during liver transplantation surgery. A bile DNA extraction method was optimized together with a quantitative PCR (qPCR) assay for determining the bacterial load. This allows the selection of samples to perform functional metagenomic analysis. Bile samples from the gallbladder of individuals suffering from lithiasis were collected during gallbladder resection and the microbial profiles assessed, using a 16S rRNA gene-based sequencing analysis, and compared with those of the control group. Additionally, the metabolic profile of the samples was analyzed by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). We detected, for the first time, bacterial communities in gallbladder samples of individuals without any hepatobiliary pathology. In the biliary microecosystem, the main bacterial phyla were represented by Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria, and Proteobacteria. Significant differences in the relative abundance of different taxa of both groups were found. Sequences belonging to the family Propionibacteriaceae were more abundant in bile samples from control subjects; meanwhile, in patients with cholelithiasis members of the families Bacteroidaceae, Prevotellaceae, Porphyromonadaceae, and Veillonellaceae were more frequently detected. Furthermore, the metabolomics analysis showed that the two study groups have different metabolic profiles.ConclusionsOur results indicate that the gallbladder of human individuals, without diagnosed hepatobiliary pathology, harbors a microbial ecosystem that is described for the first time in this study. Its bacterial representatives and metabolites are different from those detected in people suffering from cholelithiasis. In this regard, since liver donors have been subjected to the specific conditions of the hospital's intensive care unit, including an antibiotic treatment, we must be cautious in stating that their bile samples contain a physiologically normal biliary microbiome. In any case, our results open up new possibilities to discover bacterial functions in a microbial ecosystem that has not previously been explored.