Biology and economic importance of the Gulf coast tick
Biology and economic importance of the Gulf coast tick
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DOI：
10.1093/jee/29.6.1068
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发表时间：
1936-01-01
影响因子：
2.2
通讯作者：
Hixson, H
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Bishopp, FC;Hixson, H
斑纹钝眼线虫在美国当地经济上具有重要地位已有多年，但自从科赫菌入侵美国路易斯安那州以东的墨西哥湾各州以来，科赫就一直在当地占有重要的地位。(美国，库什。)，它的重要性大大增加，因为它对牛和其他家畜造成的伤害是它们容易受到苍蝇侵扰的主要因素之一[参见。提出了防治措施的必要性，对其生物学特性进行了研究，并报道了初步结果。它发生在美国墨西哥湾附近的地区，以及佛罗里达州、佐治亚州和南卡罗来纳州南部的大西洋海岸。它还在墨西哥东海岸、西印度群岛和南美洲的许多国家被记录下来。它很少在内陆100英里以外的地方被发现。它的分布表明，它的存在需要相当高的降雨量、湿度和温度，实验工作倾向于证实这一假设，尽管幼虫和若虫对寒冷有相当的抵抗力。它通常附着在各种动物外耳的内表面，虽然刺激引起的结痂和裂缝对家畜明显有害，但它们的主要重要性在于它们对怀孕的雌性OFC的吸引力。食人族。由于大量的扁虱会导致耳朵肿胀并变得僵硬，苍蝇可以不受干扰地产卵。当苍蝇幼虫钻进耳朵组织时释放的血液和血清会吸引更多的苍蝇，颌骨、喉咙和眼睛可能会受到感染，如果不对损伤进行治疗，头骨可能会裸露，动物可能会死亡。成虫主要攻击较大的家畜和野生动物，而幼虫和若虫则偏爱小型野生动物和鸟类。人类只是偶尔会被感染。记录的寄主名单包括牛、绵羊、山羊、马和狗。发情发生在寄主身上，雌性在没有雄性的情况下显然不会吞噬。观察到，个体在宿主上停留了70天而不取食。充血需要5-18天，但在充血的雌性掉到地上后，雄性可能会保持附着数周。一些保护区的产卵可能在落叶后的第二天开始，但产卵前期可能会在凉爽的天气中大大延长，此时日平均最高气温低于70°F。产卵持续13-75天。平均孵化的卵数量超过8,000枚；一只雌性下了18,497枚卵，是美国有记录以来最多的扁虱。在温暖的天气中，潜伏期约为3周，当时的平均气温为华氏80-81度，但如果是在秋末产卵，潜伏期可能会持续近5个月。据报道，在实验室条件下，没有进食的成年人的寿命从144天到388天到411天不等。幼虫孵化后不久，在半径2-3码的草丛和杂草中爬行，主要附着在鸟类的头部和颈部以及哺乳动物的头部和耳朵上。未取食幼虫的寿命从夏季的3个月到冬季的6个月不等，在低湿度时寿命大大缩短。给出了不同鸟类和啮齿动物在实验室中充血所需的不同时间，从2.5天到10天不等。大多数充血的幼虫在夜间或清晨离开宿主，在略高于地面的草茎之间爬行，在那里它们在1-3周内蜕皮。据报道，…的最长蜕皮期为121天
Amblyomma maculatum, Koch, has been of local economic importance in the United States for many years, but, since the invasion of the Gulf States east of Louisiana byCochliomyia hominivorax, Coq. (americana, Cush. & Patt.), its importance has greatly increased, because the injury it causes to cattle and other domestic animals is one of the chief factors predisposing them to infestation by the fly [cf. R.A.E., B 24 5, 6], The necessity for devising measures for its control has led to irívestigations on its bionomics, and the preliminary findings are reported in this paper. It occurs in the United States in areas adjacent to the Gulf of Mexico and on the Atlantic coast in Florida, Georgia and the southern part of South Carolina. It has also been recorded from the east coast of Mexico, the West Indies, and various countries in South America. It is seldom found more than 100 miles inland. Its distribution indicates that rather high rainfall, humidity and temperature are necessary for its existence, and experimental work tends to confirm this assumption, though the larvae and nymphs are fairly resistant to cold. It usually attaches itself to the inner surface of the external ear of various animals, and, although the scabs and cracks resulting from the irritation caused are distinctly detrimental to livestock, their chief importance lies in their attraction for gravid females ofC. hominivorax. Since the mass of ticks causes the ear to swell and become stiff, the flies can oviposit undisturbed. The blood and serum discharged when the fly larvae burrow into the tissues of the ear attract further flies, the jaw, throat and eyes may become infested, and, if the lesions are left untreated, the skull may be laid bare and the animal may die. The adult ticks attack mainly the larger domestic and wild animals, whereas the larvae and nymphs prefer small wild animals and birds. Man is only occasionally infested. Lists are given of the recorded hosts, which include cattle, sheep, goats, horses and dogs.Pairing takes place on the host, and females do not apparently engorge in the absence of males. Individuals have been observed to remain on a host for 70 days without feeding. Engorgement requires 5-18 days, but males may remain attached for weeks after the engorged females have dropped to the ground. Oviposition in some protected spot may begin on the second day after dropping, but the pre-oviposition period may be greatly prolonged during, cool weather, when the average daily maximum temperature is below 70°F. Oviposition continues for 13-75 days. The average number of eggs deposited is more than 8, 000; one female laid 18, 497, the largest number recorded for any tick in the United States. The incubation period is about 3 weeks during warm weather, when the mean temperature is 80-81°F., but may last for nearly 5 months in the case of eggs laid late in the autumn. The longevity of unfed adults under laboratory conditions has been reported to range from 144 to between 388 and 411 days. The larvae, which, soon after hatching, crawl about in the grass and weeds within a radius of 2-3 yards, attach themselves mainly to the head and neck of birds and to the head and ears of mammals. The longevity of unfed larvae ranged from 3 months in summer to 6 months in winter and was greatly reduced when humidity was low. The different periods required for engorgement on various birds and rodents in the laboratory are given; they ranged from 2 1/2 to 10 days. Most of the engorged larvae leave the host during the night or early morning and crawl between grass stems slightly above the ground, where they moult in 1-3 weeks. A maximum moulting period of 121 days has been reported …