Trade Liberalisation and Wages in Developing Countries
Trade Liberalisation and Wages in Developing Countries
复制标题
发展中国家的贸易自由化和工资
DOI：
10.2139/ssrn.447141
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发表时间：
2004
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
F. Green
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
J. Arbache;A. Dickerson;F. Green
本文回顾了贸易自由化对发展中国家工资的影响，并为巴西提供了新的证据。贸易自由化后，贸易部门的工资大幅下降，这与行业面临更激烈竞争时租金下降是一致的。贸易自由化后，大学教育的边际回报有所增加。在贸易部门中，提高开放程度对工资的影响对排名前两位的教育群体来说微不足道，但对水平较低的教育群体则是负面的。这些发现与进口技术提高了对高技能劳动力的相对需求的假设是一致的。人们普遍认为，许多工业化国家工资不平等加剧的原因之一是对熟练工人的相对需求的变化(Freeman，1995；Gottschalk和Smeding，1997；De Santis，2002；Acemoglu，2003)。然而，对于劳动力需求结构变化的根本原因，人们几乎没有达成一致意见。一些经验证据表明，国际贸易、工资差距和就业水平之间存在关系，这导致一些经济学家得出结论，最近的经济国际化导致了工资和失业率差距的扩大(Sachs和Shatz，1994；Leamer，1996；Baldwin和Cain，2000；Haskel和Slut，2001)。这一命题得到了Heckscher和Ohlin以及Stolper和Samuelson(HO/SS)定理的支持。相比之下，其他经济学家发现，技术变革，而不是贸易，对劳动力需求结构的影响最大，因为它节省了劳动力，特别是低技能劳动力(Berman等人，1994,1998；
This paper reviews the effects of trade liberalisation on wages in developing countries, and presents new evidence for Brazil. Wages fell substantially in the traded sector after trade liberalisation, consistent with there being reduced rents as industries faced greater competition. After trade liberalisation there was an increase in the marginal returns to college education. Within the traded sector, the impact of increasing openness on wages was insignificant for those in the top two education groups but negative for lower level education groups. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that imported technology raised the relative demand for highly skilled labour. It is widely maintained that one of the causes of the growth of wage inequality in many industrialised countries is a change in the relative demand for skilled workers (Freeman, 1995; Gottschalk and Smeeding, 1997; De Santis, 2002; Acemoglu, 2003). There is little agreement, however, about the underlying causes of the change in the structure of labour demand. Some empirical evidence shows a relationship between an increase in international trade, wage dispersion and the level of employment, which has led a number of economists to conclude that recent internationalisation of economies has contributed to the increase in the dispersion of wages and unemployment (Sachs and Shatz, 1994; Leamer, 1996; Baldwin and Cain, 2000; Haskel and Slaughter, 2001). This proposition is sustained by the theorems of Heckscher and Ohlin and Stolper and Samuelson (HO/ SS). In contrast, other economists have found that technological change, rather than trade, has had the strongest impact on the structure of labour demand, since it is labour saving, especially of less-skilled labour (Berman et al., 1994, 1998;